Hawaii’s Renewable Tender To Deliver Major Solar And Storage Push
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on PVTech.
This is the introductory paragraph.
The largest renewable tender in Hawaii’s history has chosen its winners, contracting a solar and storage pipeline that exceeds anything the US state has ever seen.
The article gives a lot of information about the order and Hawaii’s energy.
- A fleet of 400 MW of solar panels and 3 GWh of energy storage will be installed, with some running in 2022.
- Another fleet of 260 MW of solar panels and 1 GWh of energy storage is in the pipeline, for delivery in 2021.
- The strike price appears to be 9.38 US dollar cents per KWh or $93.80 per MWh. We’re paying £92.50 per MWh for electricity at Hinckley Point C nuclear power station.
- Hawaii aims to be full-powered by renewable energy by 2045.
- Two fossil-fuel plants will shut by 2024.
From this document on the Hawaii State Energy Office, I have found that in 2018, these renewable energy sources contributed to the state’s electricity.
- Geothermal sources – 2.9%
- Wind – 4.9%
- Hydro – 0.9%
- Biomass – 2.8%
- Small-scale solar – 9.3%
- Utility-scale solar – 3.9%
These add up to 24.7%.
I’ll be interested to see, what the percentage will be in 2024!
What Exactly Is Upside Energy?
On Friday, August 9th, 2019, there was a massive power cut in the South of England, that is described in this article on the BBC, which is entitled Lightning Strike ‘Partly To Blame’ For Power Cut.
This is the introductory paragraph.
A lightning strike and the sudden loss of two large electricity generators caused nearly a million people to lose power in England and Wales earlier this month, an interim report has found.
So what exactly happened?
This article on Wired is entitled How Batteries Stopped The UK’s Power Cut Being A Total Disaster, was written after the report into the cut had been written.
This is the third paragraph of the article.
But it could have been even worse. Within seconds of problems hitting the grid, a fleet of batteries dotted around Great Britain were able to pump power into the system, preventing a rapid drop off in transmission frequency.
Is fleet the right collective noun for storage batteries? But it will do for the time-being.
This is the next two paragraphs.
Upside Energy is one firm that lent a helping hand by supplying six megawatts (MW) from five large lithium-ion batteries located on a solar farm near Luton Airport. “Those batteries responded immediately – actually it was sub-second,” says the firm’s chief executive Devrim Celal.
Six megawatts may not sound like much. It’s about the same capacity as a single medium-sized wind turbine, but in the context of national electricity supply that can make a difference, says Tim Green, co-director at Imperial College London’s Energy Futures Laboratory. “A home on average is consuming about two kilowatts – six megawatts gets you 3,000 homes maybe.”
But every little helps!
So who are Upside Energy?
If you look at their web site, this is the headline on the home page.
Smart Energy Management Systems
There is also this description.
Our award-winning cloud-based platform provides our customers with a way to capitalise on new opportunities, while supporting an acceleration in the use of renewable technologies, and overall helping to create a more sustainable and efficient power network.
From what I can gather with further reading, it almost looks like a peer-to-peer network for energy, akin to how Zopa is one for money.
- If you or your company, built a battery or a solar farm, then Upside Energy would control it, in the most efficient way.
- As the Wired article states, they also have a few batteries of their own.
On another page they describe the system as a cloud-based platform can connect with a multitude of devices across commercial, industrial and domestic sites. They give the following examples of devices.
- Battery storage systems.
- \electric-vehicle charging points.
- Uninterruptible power supplies
- Heating and cooling systems.
They then say a bit about how it works.
It uses advanced algorithms and artificial intelligence to match energy demand with the available supply, helping the electricity grid deal with fluctuations and times of peak usage. Supporting the grid in this way, opens the doors to additional revenue streams for our customers, who also benefit from significant reductions in energy costs and carbon emissions.
The platform can manage demand response for more than 100,000 devices running in parallel.
As a Control Engineer, whose friend went on to manage ICI’s power networks in the North West, I know management of these complex networks was difficult even in the 1970s.
It is interesting to look at their funding page.
- Legal & General is an investor.
- systemiQ is an investor.
- Innovate UK is present, as they are in many British technology developments.
Funding would appear to be typical for a company like this.
Conclusion
If I was a farmer, who was investing in a solar farm on a piece of land, I would check out Upside Energy.
But I’m not!
Over eight years ago, I wrote Stability in Financial Systems, where I used my Control Engineering and mathematical experience to postulate that Zopa might have found a way to create a system with an equilibrium between saving and borrowing, that responded to politics, the economy and unforeseen circumstances.
Could Upside Energy have created a system that balances energy production, storage and use, which navigating the perils of the modern world?
Zinc8 Seem To Be A Surprisingly Open Company
Several energy storage companies, that I have looked at for this blog are secretive companies.
In The Mysterious 150-hour Battery That Can Guarantee Renewables Output During Extreme Weather, where I pointed at an online article of the same name, the secrecy is in the headline. Look at the web site of the company involved; Form Energy and it reminds me of a term used in the 1970s and 1980s to refer to non-existent software – vapourware. Or one of my older favourite phrases – All fur coat and no knickers.
I have developed disruptively innovative software and other products and understand, the need for secrecy. But there is a need for a balance between secrecy and information.
As an example, one of the products, I have highlighted here, could be ideal for one of the followers of this blog. They will be investigating the product, as I have found enough information to enable them to decide, that contacting the company will not be a waste of time.
Some companies in innovative energy storage development like Highview Power and Hydrostor have posted informative YouTube videos about their technology, but others just rely on the same endlessly repeated phrases.
When I looked at the Zinc8 web site, I thought they were another company dealing in the same phrases, as there are two on the home page.
- Zinc8 is redefining long-duration energy storage.
- The leader in zinc-air battery technology.
But they are a lot more open, than the home page might suggest.
Looking up zinc-air battery on Wikipedia, gives a lot of information, that is understandable. This is the introductory paragraph.
Zinc–air batteries (non-rechargeable), and zinc–air fuel cells (mechanically rechargeable) are metal–air batteries powered by oxidizing zinc with oxygen from the air. These batteries have high energy densities and are relatively inexpensive to produce. Sizes range from very small button cells for hearing aids, larger batteries used in film cameras that previously used mercury batteries, to very large batteries used for electric vehicle propulsion and grid-scale energy storage.
I instantly thought, if a technology can be both non-rechargeable and rechargeable and useable in applications from hearing aids to vehicle propulsion and grid-scale energy storage, the technology must have something. I also worked in a non-ferrous metals factory as a teenager and know that zinc is easy to handle.
I then looked at their technology page
- There is a detailed explanation of the technology.
- They stress their patents and certification.
- They show how a system can be expanded.
- They list the major technological advantages of the system. Robust, safe, scalable etc.
- They claim 20,000 operating life hours and 8+ operating hours.
They also finish off by giving an energy capacity cost of $45 per kWh.
I tend to think, that they have found a quirk in zinc-air technology, that they are exploiting, by some good old-fashioned innovative engineering.
I shall be watching Zinc8 and the other zinc-air battery start-ups.
Siemens Gamesa Begins Operation Of Its Innovative Electrothermal Energy Storage System
The title of this post, is the same as that of this press release from Siemens Gamesa.
This is the introductory paragraph.
In a world first, Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE) has today begun operation of its electric thermal energy storage system (ETES). During the opening ceremony, Energy State Secretary Andreas Feicht, Hamburg’s First Mayor Peter Tschentscher, Siemens Gamesa CEO Markus Tacke and project partners Hamburg Energie GmbH and Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH) welcomed the achievement of this milestone. The innovative storage technology makes it possible to store large quantities of energy cost-effectively and thus decouple electricity generation and use.
This second paragraph gives a brief description of the system.
The heat storage facility, which was ceremonially opened today in Hamburg-Altenwerder, contains around 1,000 tonnes of volcanic rock as an energy storage medium. It is fed with electrical energy converted into hot air by means of a resistance heater and a blower that heats the rock to 750°C. When demand peaks, ETES uses a steam turbine for the re-electrification of the stored energy. The ETES pilot plant can thus store up to 130 MWh of thermal energy for a week. In addition, the storage capacity of the system remains constant throughout the charging cycles.
This system is a pilot plant and will test the system thoroughly.
They state that the long term aim is to store energy in the gigawatt range and be able to provide the enough power for the daily electricity consumption of around 50,000 households.
The method of energy storage would appear to be inherently simple.
- Heat rocks to a high temperature using a gigantic electric heater and blower.
- Use the heat when required to boil water to create steam.
- Pass the steam through a conventional steam turbine.
I can envisage a clever computer system, controlling the hot air and water flows into the vessel to get the correct level of steam out, as needed for the amount of electricity required.
I suspect the biggest problem is where do you keep a thousand tonnes of hot rock?
The answer is given in this article on the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, which is entitled Heated Volcanic Rocks Store Energy.
This paragraph describes the storage.
A key finding from an earlier, smaller project proved greater efficiency of a round shape for the container holding the rock. It has an increasing diameter on both ends, where inflow and outflow openings are located. It has a total content of 800 cubic meters of rock with a mass of 1,000 tonnes, covered with a one-meter-thick layer of insulation.
I estimate that the diameter of a 800 cubic metre rock sphere would be just 11.4 metres, so perhaps around fourteen with the insulation.
The sphere would need to be a pressure vessel, as it would contain high-pressure steam.
The process looks to be simple, efficient and scalable.
The article also makes the following points.
- Eighty percent of the components are off-the-shelf.
- There are no hazardous materials involved.
- High efficiencies are claimed.
- Siemens Gamesa are aiming for a 1 GWh system.
- The German government has provided development funds.
It is being built on the site of an old aluminium smelter, so I suspect, the site has good connections to the electricity grid.
In the early 1970s, I was involved in the design and sizing of chemical plants for ICI. In one plant, the process engineers and myself proposed a very large pressure vessel, that would have been larger than the one, Siemens Gamesa are using in Hamburg. But then the domes of pressurised water reactors, like this forty-six metre diameter example at Sizewell B are even larger.
I very much believe, that design and construction of the pressure vessel to hold the hot rocks for Siemens Gamesa’s system could have been performed by the team I worked with in 1972
How Big Would The Sphere Be For A One Gigawatt-hour System?
- The current pilot system has a 130 MWh thermal capacity and uses a thousand tonnes of volcanic rock.
- The rock occupies 800 cubic metres.
I estimated that the pressure vessel with insulation could have a diameter of fourteen metres.
A system with a 1 GWh thermal capacity would be 7.7 times larger.
- It would need 7,700 tonnes of volcanic rock.
- The rock would occupy 6,160 cubic metres.
I esimate that the pressure vessel with thermal insulation would have a diameter of twenty-five metres.
How Much Power Could Be Stored In A Sizewell B-Sized Dome?
Out of curiosity, I estimated how much power could be stored in a pressure vessel, which was the size of the dome of Sizewell B power station.
- The dome would have a diameter of forty-two metres if the insulation was two metres thick.
- This would store 39,000 cubic metres of rock.
- This would be 48,750 tonnes of rock.
Scaling up from the pilot plant gives a 6.3 GWh thermal capacity.
I would suspect that Siemens know an engineer, who has worked out how to build such a structure.
- A steel pressure vessel wouldn’t be any more challenging than the dome of a pressurised water reactor.
- It would be built in sections in a factory and assembled on site.
- Rock would probably be added as the vessel was built.
I can certainly see one of these energy stores being built with a multi-gigawatt thermal capacity.
Would This System Have A Fast Response?
Power companies like power stations and energy storage to have a fast response to sudden jumps in demand.
This section in the Wikipedia entry for Electric Mountain, is entitled Purpose and this is said.
The scheme was built at a time when responsibility for electricity generation in England and Wales was in the hands of the government’s Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB); with the purpose of providing peak capacity, very rapid response, energy storage and frequency control. Dinorwig’s very rapid response capability significantly reduced the need to hold spinning reserve on part loaded thermal plant. When the plant was conceived the CEGB used low efficiency old coal and oil fired capacity to meet peaks in demand. More efficient 500 MW thermal sets were introduced in the 1960s, initially for baseload operation only. Dinorwig could store cheap energy produced at night by low marginal cost plant and then generate during times of peak demand, so displacing low efficiency plant during peak demand periods.
Given that we are increasingly reliant on intermittent sources like wind and solar, it is surely getting more important to have energy storage with a fast response.
Consider.
- Gas turbine power stations are very quick to start up, which is a reason why, they are liked by power companies.
- As Wikipedia says pumped storage systems like Electric Mountain usually have a fast response.
- Lithium-ion batteries have a very fast response.
I think the Siemens Gamesa ETES system could have a medium-fast response, provided there was enough heat in the rocks to raise steam.
Could This System Be Placed In A Town Or City?
Consider.
- The system doesn’t use any hazardous materials.
- The footprint of a 1 GWh system would probably be football pitch-sized.
- The system could probably be designed to blend in with local buildings.
This picture shows the Bunhill 2 Energy Centre in London, which extracts waste heat from the Underground and uses it for district heating.
When I took the picture, the system wasn’t complete, but it shows how these types of developments can be fitted into the cityscape.
The Mysterious 150-hour Battery That Can Guarantee Renewables Output During Extreme Weather
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on Recharge.
The article talks starts by talking about Form Energy, who I wrote about in 150 Hours Of Storage? Company Says That’s True To Form.
As to Form Energy’s technology, they say that there is speculation, that sulphur is the main ingredient.
The article, then lists other technologies, that are under development to store energy.
- Zinc8 – The headline on their web-site is Zinc8 is redefining long-term energy storage.
- Highview Power – Who seem to be close to commercial operation.
- Siemens Gamesa ETES – Hot rock storage now under test in Hamburg.
- Stiesdal Storage Technology GridScale – Under development
- Malta’s molten salt system – See Malta Energy Storage System Is Looking Forward To First Pilot
There’s certainly no lack of entrants for the contest to provide long-term energy storage.
The article is a summary of both Form Energy and the others in the field.
Renewable Roundup: Big Banks Lining Up To Finance Big Batteries
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on Red, Green and Blue.
This is the introductory paragraph.
We’ve reached a significant tipping point in how the battery storage market is financed, shifting from expensive private equity investments to ordinary bank finance. Which will be another factor leading to a terawatt of storage by 2040.
The article contains an impressive graph showing the growth of energy storage world-wide, broken down into China, United States and the Rest of the World, showing that by 2040, there’ll be that terawatt of storage.
There are also some stories of companies trying to get funding for battery projects in the United States, which enforce the message of the title.
But then, I wrote World’s Largest Wind Farm Attracts Huge Backing From Insurance Giant in 2018, where I said this.
Aviva will have a billion pounds invested in wind farms by the end of the year.
As ever, it looks like, it has taken longer for the penny to drop on the other side of the pond.
But at least it seems to have finally done so!
Dr. Gerhard Cromme Joins Highview Power’s Board of Directors
The title of this post, is part of the title of this press release from Highview Power.
This is the introductory paragraph.
Highview Power, the global leader in long-duration energy storage solutions, is pleased to announce that Dr. Gerhard Cromme, former Chairman of the Supervisory Board at Siemens AG and ThyssenKrupp AG, will join its Board of Directors.
I think this could be a game-changing appointment.
Contenders: Long Duration Energy Storage Technologies, And Who’s Behind Them
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on Energy Storage News.
It is a must-read for anybody interested in the technology of storing energy.
There are certainly some companies, I will add to my watch list.
Cheesecake Energy Receives Investment From The University Of Nottingham
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on NewsAnyway.
This is the introductory paragraph.
Cheesecake Energy Limited (CEL) today announced it has received investment from the University of Nottingham to support UK-wide pilot programmes for the company’s energy storage solution.
Thse two paragraphs are a brief description of the company, their technology and what they do.
Cheesecake Energy Limited is a fast-growing startup developing energy storage at 30-40% lower cost than the current market leader, lithium ion batteries. Its system uses compressed air and thermal energy storage to achieve high efficiency, long lifetime and dramatically lower environmental impact.
Founded in 2016, the company has already established itself within the Nottingham, and wider East Midlands energy ecosystem — having secured initial interest from local councils and bus services for pilot programmes. The company is currently designing a 150 kW / 750 kWh prototype system for completion in Q4 2020 which will be deployed with a local bus depot for charging of electric buses using renewable energy.
This is the home page of their web site, which proudly announces.
The Greenest Battery In The World
We’ll see and hear that slogan many times in the next few years.
A few of my thoughts on the company.
Cheesecake Energy’s Technology
Cheesecake Energy says it uses compressed air and thermal energy storage to achieve high efficiency, long lifetime and dramatically lower environment impact.
Three other companies also use or may use compressed air to store energy.
- Highview Power – See Highview Power To Build Europe’s Largest Battery Storage System
- Form Energy – See Will The Real Form Energy Please Stand Up!
- Hydrostor – See Hydrostor Announces Australia’s First CompressedAir Energy Storage Project Secures Funding From Arena And South Australia Renewable Technology Fund
As Cheesecake appear to be using a thermal energy storage, have they found a unique way to create another type of compressed air storage?
Battery Sizes
How do the sizes of the three companies batteries compare?
- Cheesecake Energy prototype – 150 kW – 750 kWh – five hours
- Form Energy for Great River Energy – 1MW – 150 MWh – 150 hours
- Highview Power for Vermont – 50MW – 400 MWh – 8 hours
- Hydrostor for South Australia – 50+MW – 4-24+ hours
The Cheesecake Energy prototype is the smallest battery, but Highview Power built a 750 KWh prototype before scaling up.
Note.
- The first figure is the maximum power output of the battery.
- The second figure is the capacity of the battery.
- The third figure is the maximum delivery time on full power.
- The capacity for Hydrostor wasn’t given.
The figures are nicely spread out, which leas me to think, that depending on your power needs, a compressed air battery can be built to satisfy them.
Charging Electric Buses
Buses like this Alexander Dennis Enviro200EV electric bus are increasingly seen in the UK.
And they all need to be charged!
Cheesecake Energy say that their prototype will be deployed with a local bus depot for charging of electric buses using renewable energy.
- An electric bus depot should be a good test and demonstration of the capabilities of their battery and its technology.
- Note that according to this data sheet of an Alexander Dennis Enviro200EV, which is a typical single-decker electric bus, the bus is charged by BYD dual plug 2×40kW AC charging, which gives the bus a range of up to 160 miles.
- With a 150 kW output could Cheesecake’s prototype charge two buses at the same time and several buses during a working day?
- Would DC charging as used by Vivarail’s charging system for trains be an alternative?
To me, it looks like Cheesecake are showing good marketing skills.
I do wonder if this size of charger could make the finances of electric buses more favourable.
Suppose, a bus company had a fleet of up to a dozen diesel single-decker buses running services around a city or large town.
- How much would they spend on electricity, if they replaced these buses with electric ones?
- Would being able to use cheaper overnight energy to charge buses in the day, be more affordable?
- Would electric buses run from renewable electricity attract passengers to the services?
These arguments for electric buses would also apply for a company running fleets of vans and small trucks.
To me, it looks like Cheesecake are showing good engineering/marketing skills, by designing a product that fits several markets.
Will The Real Form Energy Please Stand Up!
Form Energy appears to be a start-up, that claims it has the solution to low-cost long-term energy storage.
The home page of their web site is little more than this headline.
We are developing long duration energy storage systems to enable a fully renewable, affordable and reliable electric system.
And a few links to press releases and a link marked See How.
I clicked it and got this page, with this mission statement.
We are going about this by developing a new kind of battery that would eliminate the need for coal and gas entirely, and allow for a 100% renewable, carbon free grid.
They say this about the technology.
Form Energy has identified and is developing a novel approach that is low-cost, safe, and scalable. This battery would allow for a 100% renewable, carbon free grid.
And this about the software.
Form Energy offers a software solution to the industry that models the efficiency and cost-saving benefits of using Form’s long duration storage and identifies value to the entire electricity ecosystem.
Now that I can understand.
When I was writing software, I wrote any number of models in project management, finance and engineering systems and I don’t doubt, that they have developed a sophisticated software system, that can model a large electricity network.
It would allow the following.
- Predictions to be made for the future, based on historic data and schedules for new plant coming on stream.
- It would have a graphical interface, so that changes to the power network could be performed quickly and easily.
- It would predict the size and capacities of Form Energy’s batteries, that would be needed.
- It could be used to model ways out of a serious breakdown in part of the grid.
I suspect that National Grid in the UK, EDF in France and other national equivalents, have been running such software systems for many years.
A Deal With Great River Energy
Does this press release on their web site, which is entitled Form Energy Announces Pilot with Great River Energy to Enable the Utility’s Transition to an Affordable, Reliable and Renewable Electricity Grid, give any more details about Form Energy’s technology?
This paragraph lays out the basics of the deal with Great River Energy.
Form Energy, a company developing ultra-low-cost, long-duration energy storage for the grid, today announced it signed a contract with Minnesota-based utility Great River Energy to jointly deploy a 1MW / 150MWh pilot project to be located in Cambridge, MN. Great River Energy is Minnesota’s second-largest electric utility and the fifth largest generation and transmission cooperative in the U.S.
The next paragraph gives a few details of the battery.
This system will be the first commercial deployment of Form Energy’s proprietary long-duration energy storage system. Form Energy’s aqueous air battery system leverages some of the safest, cheapest, most abundant materials on the planet and offers a clear path to transformationally low-cost, long-duration energy storage. The project with Great River Energy will be a 1-MW, grid-connected storage system capable of delivering its rated power continuously for 150 hours, far longer than the two to four hour usage period common among lithium-ion batteries being deployed at utility-scale today. This duration allows for a fundamentally new reliability function to be provided to the grid from storage, one historically only available from thermal generation resources.
A battery capable of storing 150 MWh and capable of delivering 1 MW for 150 hours is certainly impressive.
More About The Deal
This article on Green Tech Media is entitled Long Duration Breakthrough? Form Energy’s First Project Tries Pushing Storage To 150 Hours.
A few points from the article.
- Bill Gates, Macquarie Capital and Eni are backers of Form Energy.
- The aim is to have the plant online in 2023.
- Great River Energy depends heavily on Coal Creek power station, which is a 1151 MW lignite-fired power station, which is to be shut down in the second half of 2022.
- Form expect their battery to be competitive with lithium-ion on a per KW basis.
- A battery takes up about an acre.
- Batteries have a twenty-year life.
The article also says that Form is not sharing many details of its technology.
Can Great River Energy Replace The Power From Coal Creek With Wind Turbines And A 150 MWh Battery?
Consider these points from the Green Tech Media article and Wikipedia.
- Coal Creek power station provides half of Great River Energy’s needs.
- Coal Creek power station is rated at 1151 MW,
- Coal Creek power station will shut in 2022.
- Great River Energy intends to add 1,100 MW of wind turbines.
- North Dakota, South Dakota and Minnesota seem to be states where it is worth reaping the wind.
So can all this power and the disruption of shutting Coal Creek power station be balanced by one relatively small 180 MWh battery?
I have modelled systems as complex as this in finance, project management and process engineering and if Form Energy have done their modelling to a very detailed level and they say that a 1MW/180 MWh system will be big enough, then I’ll go along with that!
In my long experience of mathematical modelling of complex systems, the answer at the end, is often not what many expect.
So the answer must be extensively tested.
What Technology Are Form Using?
The press release about the deal with Great River Energy mentions an aqueous air battery system!
Water and air are not exotic materials and are readily available in most parts of the world. I would suspect that the only way to store large amounts of energy in air is to liquify it, as Highview Power is doing in their CRYOBattery. But where does the water come in?
Could both companies be following different routes using similar properties of two of the greenest and most abundant substances on the planet?
I also know from a very beneficial personal financial experience, that aqueous-air mixes have unusual properties.
Highview Power liquify air and then use a turbine to recover the energy.
Are Form also using liquified air and then using a different method based on the unusual properties of aqueous-air mixes to recover the energy?
I can’t wait for the secret of their technology to emerge!
A Comparison Of Form Energy And Highview Power
The Wikipedia entry for Highview Power, says this about their capabilities and what they are proposing to deliver.
It has permission for a commercial-scale 50 Megawatt/250 Megawatt-hour plant in England, building upon its earlier 5 Megawatt and 350 Kilowatt pilot plants. It plans to develop a 50MW plant/400MWh (eight hours of storage) in Vermont
Is 5 MW for eight hours more impressive than 1 MW for one hundred and fifty hours?
- Highview Power’s proposed Vermont battery is not far short of three times the size of Form’s Great River battery.
- Highview Power’s battery can supply five times the maximum current, than Form’s.
- Liquid air storage is very scalable, as you just add more tanks. I wouldn’t be surprised to see systems storing around a GWh of electricity.
- Could Highview’s battery supply 2 MW for two hundred hours? I suspect it could!
If it was a relay race, I would think that Highview Power are ahead after the first leg.
The following legs will be interesting.
- Both companies have backers with enormous pockets.
- Form have disclosed they have sophisticated modelling software.
- Form seem to have a firm order.
- Highview Power are in a country, that in the next couple of years will bring vast amounts of wind power on-line.
- Great River will have a power shortage, when Coal Creek lignite-fired power station is closed.
But above all the world needs terra-watt hours of affordable, zero-carbon energy storage.
The Anonymous Widower 