The Anonymous Widower

SSE Partners With Bord na Móna On 800MW Onshore Wind JV In Ireland

The title of this post, is the same as that of this press release from SSE.

These four bullet points, act as sub-headings.

  • Leading low-carbon energy companies SSE Renewables and Bord na Móna continue to progress their respective portfolios in Ireland, by partnering to develop new onshore wind energy projects across the Midlands.
  • More than €1 billion could be invested by the joint venture partnership to develop up to 800MW of new renewable energy projects, enough to provide power to over 450,000 homes.
  • Onshore wind farm projects to be developed as part of the portfolio will include Lemanaghan Wind Farm in north-west Offaly, Littleton Wind Farm in Tipperary, and Garryhinch Wind Farm on the Laois Offaly border.
  • The partnership has the potential to support hundreds of jobs across the Midlands during construction and operation of the onshore wind projects.

Note.

  1. It is a 50:50 project between SSE Renewables and Bord na Móna.
  2. It will deliver 800 MW of onshore wind energy.

These link to the three web sites for the wind farms.

These must be the first phases, as they are nowhere near 800 MW.

There is an interesting comparison to be made here.

So why does England object?

April 1, 2024 Posted by | Energy | , , , , , | 1 Comment

Wind Farm: Yorkshire Moors Could Get England’s Biggest Wind Farm

The title of this post, is the same as that, of this article on the BBC.

This is the sub-heading.

The largest onshore wind farm in England could be built on moorland in the Pennines if plans get the go-ahead.

These are the first two paragraphs.

Calderdale Windfarm Ltd is exploring options for 65 turbines on Walshaw Moor, near the Walshaw Dean reservoirs above Hebden Bridge in Calderdale.

The company said the scheme would generate enough electricity to power more than 286,000 homes a year.

The Calderdale Wind Farm has a web site, which adds these details about the proposals.

  • The 65 wind turbines will generate up to 302 MW of electricity.
  • There will be a 150 MW battery on site.
  • £2.5 million per year will be put in a Community Benefit Fund.
  • Up to 300,000 trees will be planted across the site.

This Google Map shows the Walshaw Dean reservoirs and Hebden Bridge.

Note.

  1. Walshaw Dean reservoirs are in the North-West corner of the map.
  2. Hebden Bridge is at the bottom of the map.
  3. Hebden Bridge station on the Calder Valley Line is also marked.
  4. This will be a very unusual wind farm for England.

It could also be a controversial wind farm.

These are some of my thoughts and those of the BBC article.

Environmental Opinions

These five paragraphs indicate both sides of the environmental argument.

Environmental campaigners warned the development would disturb peat bogs, releasing carbon into the atmosphere.

A spokesperson for Calderdale Windfarm, which is backed by Worldwide Renewable Energy (WWRE), said the proposal was an “incredibly exciting opportunity”.

“During a cost-of-living crisis, with ongoing energy security challenges and the climate emergency, the UK needs to explore how it can generate more carbon-free renewable electricity,” the firm said.

“But our proposals are at a very early stage and we recognise there will be a range of views about the merits of our proposal.

“We look forward to continuing to work with the local community, environmental groups, local councillors and others over the coming months to help shape the final design of the project.”

The £2.5 million per year Community Benefit Fund could be the clincher.

The Site Has A Battery

In my view, it is good practice to fit every wind farm with a battery, if this is practical and cost-effective.

As most batteries associated with wind farms, seem to be able to replace the wind farm for two hours, I wouldn’t be surprised to see the battery specified as a 150 MW/300 MWh unit.

A battery this size would improve the stability of the electricity supply in the area.

How Will Calderdale Wind Farm Be Connected To The Grid?

This question is answered in the page of FAQs.

We already have an offer from the Distribution Network Operator Energy North West to connect into the local electricity network substation at Padiham. Negotiations are also ongoing about an alternative connection via a new substation and that would go into National Grid which would connect into existing 440 KV pylons.

Padiham is a few miles away to the West, so the second option may need a smaller number of pylons.

The grid connection and associated infrastructure would be subject to a separate planning application to the wind farm.

Is Calderdale Wind Farm Just Wind Turbines?

This question is answered in the page of FAQs.

  • No. Alongside our proposals for onshore wind we are also exploring the potential for the inclusion of battery storage and solar panels on southern slopes.
  • As we develop the proposals further, we will be able to confirm whether we will be including other renewable technologies as part of the proposals.

I wouldn’t be surprised to see solar panels floated on the reservoirs. This also has the secondary benefit of reducing evaporation.

How Will Calderdale Wind Farm Benefit Calderdale?

This question is answered in the page of FAQs.

If consented, Calderdale Wind Farm would represent an investment of circa £500m into the local economy. Calderdale Wind Farm will support the local economy and present many opportunities for years to come.

Community Benefit Fund

Around 16,500 households in Calderdale are living in fuel poverty, with around 1,200 of these being in the HX7 postcode area. As part of our proposals for Calderdale we are exploring a community benefit fund to provide support to these households across the 30-year operational lifetime of Calderdale Wind Farm.

This fund would represent £75m worth of funding across a 30-year timeframe that would be paid to Calderdale Council to help relieve fuel poverty for the operational lifetime of the Calderdale Wind Farm.

We want to work closely with the communities in and around Calderdale to ensure they benefit from the project to help address identified local challenges such as the current energy and cost of living crisis.

Socio Economic Impacts

A socio-economic report produced by Biggar Economics suggests that the project would be a significant boost to both the Calderdale and wider regional economy if it goes ahead. The report estimates that Calderdale Wind Farm would generate at least £2.2million GVA for Calderdale through the design, build and operational lifetime of the windfarm.

This is surely going to level-up Calderdale.

Is This Going To Impact My Walking Route?

This question is answered in the page of FAQs.

As we develop our proposals, we will design the scheme and placement of the wind turbines and associated infrastructure to minimise any disruption to existing paths and trails. Our team has taken into consideration the importance of preserving the natural beauty and accessibility of the area in our early stage designs, which will evolve as we undertake further work ahead of a planning submission.

While there might be temporary adjustments or diversions to certain paths during the construction phase to ensure safety, these changes will be communicated well in advance, and we will strive to keep any inconveniences to a minimum.

Once operational the moor will continue to be accessible to members of the public.

As part of our commitment to community consultation, we want to hear your thoughts on the proposals, if you have any specific concerns about how the wind farm might affect your walking routes please let us now, community input is vital to designing a scheme that works seamlessly with the local environment.

It does look like the impact will not be all that great.

Is Grouse Shooting On Walshaw Moor Expected To Continue If Calderdale Wind Farm Is Approved?

This question is answered in the page of FAQs.

WWRE and Calderdale Wind Farm Ltd are pleased to confirm that the approval of the wind farm would result in the end of grouse shooting on Walshaw Moor.

This could face a lot of opposition from the shooting lobby.

Who Are WWRE?

The Calderdale wind farm has a page of FAQs.

In response to who are the funding partners of the project, this is said.

WWRE Global is a UK based company that was looking at projects in Spain and registered with Companies House in Gibraltar. With its investors and opportunities its current operations are focused on helping to deliver new renewable energy infrastructure in locations across the UK, which is why the business is now listed at Companies House in London.

WWRE Global is responsible for delivering investment opportunities for Energy Horizon II Investment Company and managing the planning and consenting process.

WWRE Global has a web site.

When Will The Wind Farm Be Built?

This question is answered in the page of FAQs.

Calderdale Wind Farm is a fully funded project, and it is envisaged the construction would commence within 12 months of any planning permission being granted and conditions being discharged. At this stage it is expected that construction could take up to two years.

WWRE Global certainly seem to want to get on with it.

Objectors

Use Google to search for news about Calderdale wind farm and you get a lot of objectors.

Conclusion

This is a bold and scientifically-correct proposal and it will be a close decision, as to whether the wind farm gets built or not!

 

March 31, 2024 Posted by | Energy | , , , , , , , , , , | 7 Comments

UK Onshore Wind Capacity Hits 15GW

The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on reNEWS.BIZ.

This is the sub-heading.

Milestone reached after 30MW West Benhar project entered operations.

These are the first three paragraphs.

RenewableUK has revealed the UK has installed 15,000MW of operational onshore wind capacity.

The project which enabled the UK to cross the threshold was EDF Renewables UK’s 30.1MW West Benhar onshore wind farm in North Lanarkshire, consisting of seven turbines.

The UK now has 2631 operating onshore wind schemes.

These are my thoughts.

I Am Surprised At The Total Of Onshore Wind

The title says it all.

But 15 GW is almost the same power as five big nuclear power stations, the size of the running-late Hinckley Point C.

Should Some Strategically-Placed Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) Be Added?

Some wind farms have been built with wind farms and I very much feel, that with some mathematical modelling some excellent BESS sites could be found.

We should also use batteries, so that no wind farm is ever shut down, because too much wind is being generated.

Where Is West Benhar?

West Benhar wind farm has a web site, where this is the sub-heading.

West Benhar is a 7 turbine wind farm capable of powering up to 18,000 homes located near Shotts in North Lanarkshire.

It was opened on 28 February 2024.

This Google Map shows the location of West Benhar between Edinburgh and Glasgow.

West Benhar is North-East of Shotts and just South of the M8.

There’s More Onshore Wind To Come

These onshore wind farms appear to have Contracts for Difference, but have not been completed.

All of these are in Scotland.

But that’s another 1,440.7 MW of onshore wind.

Community Wind Funds

Scotland seems to be continuing to build onshore wind farms.

Could it be that communities have seen the benefits of Community Wind Funds?

This is said about the fund at Stronach.

When operational, EDF Renewables will provide a community benefit fund in line with the Scottish Government Good Practice Principles for Community Benefits from Onshore Renewable Energy Developments. The fund value for the community benefit fund would be £5,000 per megawatt for the lifetime of the wind farm. In the coming months we will begin to form a Community Liaison Group with local interested parties to decide how the funds will be disseminated once the wind farm becomes operational.

If the fund is yearly, then £420,000 is not money to be sneezed at!

Conclusion

It looks like in Scotland that Community Wind Funds promote the building of onshore wind.

 

 

 

 

March 9, 2024 Posted by | Energy | , , , , , , , | 2 Comments

An Excursion To Retford And Worksop

Today’s excursion was designed to be simple.

  1. Take an LNER train or a Hull Train to Retford station.
  2. Travel to Worksop station, have a look and take a few pictures.
  3. Travel back to Retford and take the first train back to London.
  4. In one if my two visits to Retford, have a look and take a few pictures.
  5. Talk to passengers and railway staff about what they felt about FirstGroup’s Proposed Sheffield Service, that I wrote about in FirstGroup Applies To Run New London To Sheffield Rail Service.

These were my thoughts and observations.

LNER’s Improved Ticketing

These pictures show the tickets that I bought.

Note.

  1. I bought my ticket to Retford from the Ticket Office at King’s Cross station.
  2. The ticket seller gave me a well-designed folder for the tickets.
  3. I was also able to buy my return ticket between Retford and Worksop on the LNER train to Retford. I’ve tried doing that before and it wasn’t allowed.

Making ticketing easier must be a good thing for passengers, staff and LNER.

£24.75 With A Railcard From King’s Cross to Retford

  • The second picture shows my ticket to Retford.
  • It cost me just £24,75 with my Senior Railcard.
  • I also bought it about half-an-hour before the train left.
  • I bought the ticket in the Ticket Office.
  • I got a forward-facing window seat with an unrestricted view.

How much would the 145 mile and nearly three-hour journey have cost in a car?

I Missed My Connection At Retford Station

These pictures show my train to Worksop station in Platform 3 at Retford station, as I approached from the South.

Note.

The Northern Trains’s Class 195 train arriving on Platform 3 on the Sheffield and Lincoln Line.

  1. I arrived in Platform 2 at Retford station at 12:50
  2. There were three lifts or sets of stairs to negotiate between Platform 2 and Platform 3.
  3. It must take at least five minutes between the two platforms.
  4. One of the lifts was out of order and was being serviced by an engineer.
  5. There was no way, I could have caught the connection, which left at 12:51.
  6. At least one other passenger, had to wait the one hour and fifteen minutes I waited for the next train, which arrived at 14:03.

I feel that there needs to be a timetable adjustment here, so that as many passengers as possible avoid the long wait.

Retford Station

At least the long wait allowed me to take a lot of pictures and have a cup of coffee in the Costa Coffee on Platform 1.

Note.

  1. The toilets were immaculate.
  2. The Costa Coffee had friendly and professional staff, but only rudimentary gluten-free options.
  3. The station is fully step-free with four lifts.
  4. Platforms 1 and 2 on the East Coast Main Line can take a pair of five-car Class 802 trains, as Hull Train demonstrated.
  5. The Hull Train in Platform 2 was using the electrification.
  6. The station is in very good condition.
  7. The station is Grade II Listed.

This Google Map shows the station.

Note.

  1. The red arrow in the South-East corner are the low-level Platforms 3 and 4.
  2. The red arrow in the middle marks the low-level Platforms 1 and 2.
  3. Network Rail’s yellow Mobile Maintenance Train is visible in the siding opposite Platform 2.
  4. There is space around the platforms.

The station may have development possibilities. Especially, as there are signs of To Let over some of the buildings.

Ambitious Renewable Energy

Retford and Worksop are only eleven minutes away but there were a large wind farm and solar farms between the two stations.

Note.

  1. I was a bit slow on the uptake and missed the large wind farm.
  2. The strong sun was reflecting on the windows.
  3. They weren’t the best of photographs.

I had intended to take more and better pictures on the way back, but circumstances intervened.

This Google Map shows the wind and solar farms.

Note.

  1. The Sheffield and Lincoln Line going across the map.
  2. There are solar panels North and South of the railway.
  3. This is the Walkers Wood Solar Farm, which has a nameplate capacity of 27 MW.
  4. H M Prison Ranby is at the top of the map.
  5. The scars of the wind turbines are to the West of Babworth and the crematorium.
  6. At the moment, I can’t find any reference to the wind farm.

These wind and solar farms are probably a classic place to position a battery.

Prisons And Recycling

Worksop Station

I took these pictures during the time I spent at Worksop station.

Note.

  1. The station is not step-free, although you can cross the tracks using the level-crossing.
  2. The station has a pub and a cafe.
  3. There are train services to Leeds, Lincoln, Nottingham and Sheffield.
  4. The station is in very good condition.
  5. The station is Grade II Listed.
  6. The platforms are long enough to handle a Class 802 train without any modification.
  7. Hull Trains could run their Sheffield service to Worksop station without any new infrastructure.
  8. Lidl are developing a site on the other side of the level crossing.
  9. There are 100 car parking spaces.

The station may have development possibilities.

Worksop Station Cafe

These pictures show the Worksop station cafe.

Note.

  1. It is run by two ladies; Jo and Lyndsey.
  2. As one is coeliac, there were lots of gluten-free cakes.
  3. It was cosy and warm on a cold day.

This is definitely one of the better station cafes.

A Double Incident

My journey back to the capital was I suspect untypical.

  • I’d arrived at Worksop at 14:14 and finally left at 16:38 on a train for Retford and Lincoln.
  • The delay was because someone had been hit by a train between Barnsley and Sheffield, which resulted in cancelled trains.
  • When I arrived at Retford at 16:49, there was an LNER train in the platform.
  • It was the 15:15 from Leeds and I was told by LNER staff to catch it and get my ticket on the train.
  • The train finally left Retford for London 69 minutes late at 17:07.
  • We arrived in Peterborough at 19:27, where the train was now 170 minutes late.
  • The delay was because someone had been hit by a train at Newark, which results in delays everywhere.
  • LNER decided to give up on the train and all passengers were put on other trains.
  • I got on the 14:30 from Edinburgh, which arrived in King’s Cross at 20:22, which was 96 minutes late.

Worse things happen at sea.

I am adding this a day after my trip to the North.

This article on the BBC is entitled ‘Major Disruption’ After Person Hit By A Train.

These are the first three paragraphs.

Train services on the East Coast Main Line have been seriously disrupted after a person was hit by a train in North Yorkshire.

Network Rail said the incident happened just before 07:00 GMT between York and Thirsk, with emergency services attending the scene shortly afterwards.

The line was blocked, resulting in delays and cancellations.

Three in two days us three too many.

January 9, 2024 Posted by | Design, Food, Transport/Travel | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 1 Comment

World’s Tallest Wooden Wind Turbine Starts Turning

The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on the BBC.

This is the sub-heading.

What is made from the same wood as a Christmas tree, held together by glue and manufactured in a Swedish factory for assembly later?

These three paragraphs outline the design of a revolutionary wind turbine tower.

If that calls to mind flat-pack furniture and meatballs, you’re wrong.

If you answered “a wooden wind turbine”, you could be a visionary.

According to Modvion, the Swedish start-up that has just built the world’s tallest wooden turbine tower, using wood for wind power is the future.

I feel that it is not as revolutionary as some people might think.

Forty years ago, I built an extension on my house that included a swimming pool and a barn. The swimming pool roof was based on laminated wood beams and the barn was constructed using traditional wooden beams, that were bolted together.

But surely the most amazing wooden structure of the last century is the DH 98 Mosquito.

This paragraph introduces the Wikipedia entry for this amazing aeroplane.

The de Havilland DH.98 Mosquito is a British twin-engined, multirole combat aircraft, introduced during the Second World War. Unusual in that its airframe was constructed mostly of wood, it was nicknamed the “Wooden Wonder”, or “Mossie”. Lord Beaverbrook, Minister of Aircraft Production, nicknamed it “Freeman’s Folly”, alluding to Air Chief Marshal Sir Wilfrid Freeman, who defended Geoffrey de Havilland and his design concept against orders to scrap the project. In 1941, it was one of the fastest operational aircraft in the world.

One of my friends from the twentieth century, had been an RAF Mosquito pilot in the 1950s and felt it was an unequalled design of aircraft.

The airframe of the Mosquito was built using similar materials and methods as Modvion’s turbine tower.

I have just found out, that the de Havilland Aircraft Museum, where the prototype Mosquito is displayed, is open at least until the 7th of January.

I shall be going by public transport and if anybody would like to accompany me, use the Contact Page to get in touch.

December 28, 2023 Posted by | Design, Energy | , , , , , , , | 1 Comment

Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners Takes FID On 1,000 MWh Battery Energy Storage Project

The title of this post, is the same as that of this press release from Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners.

This is the sub-heading.

The battery energy storage system Coalburn 1 will be one of the largest battery storage projects in Europe. Construction has commenced in November 2023 and the project will be 500 MW / 1,000 MWh once complete.

These two paragraphs outline the project.

Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners (CIP) through its Flagship Funds has taken final investment decision and commenced construction on a 500 MW / 1,000 MWh energy storage system in Coalburn, Scotland, which will be one of the largest of its kind in Europe.

The facility is the first project to be developed from the partnership between CIP and Alcemi to deploy 4 GW of energy storage assets across the UK. CIP aims to take final investment decision on two other projects next year with a combined capacity above 1 GW. The portfolio will provide vital support to the UK’s energy network, accelerating the integration of renewable energy and the transition to net zero by 2050.

Note.

  1. FID means final investment decision.
  2. 500 MW / 1,000 MWh could become a common size as it is two hours of power and easy for politicians to add up.
  3. CIP and Alcemi seem to be planning a total amount of energy storage, eight times bigger than Coalburn 1.

This battery could be the largest in the UK, when it is commissioned.

Who Are Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners (CIP)?

Their About CIP web page gives a lot of details.

Who Are Alcemi?

Their Who We Are web page gives a lot of details.

Environmental Considerations

The press release says this about environmental considerations.

The Coalburn 1 facility has been developed with extensive landscaping and ecological mitigation measures, including the maintenance of peat reserves, tree and wildflower planting, and new habitats, promoting biodiversity across the site.

I’ll agree with that, but add that I hope that they look after the hares. It will be interesting to see how big batteries and big bunnies co-exist. As co-exist they will!

Operation

The press release says this about operation.

The scheme will reduce the need for fossil fuel power generation during periods of peak demand leading to a decrease in CO2 emissions but also provide balancing services to help lower the costs for end consumers to manage the UK Power system.

As a Control Engineer, I suspect, it will act in a little-and-large mode with Scotland’s pumped storage.

Location

This page on the SP Energy Networks web site is entitled Coalburn Connection – South Lanarkshire.

There is this introductory paragraph.

SP Energy Networks own and maintain the electricity network in central and southern Scotland. As part of our infrastructure, Coalburn Grid Substation is a key installation in the transmission network situated to the south of Lesmahagow in South Lanarkshire.

Underneath is this map.

Note.

  1. The orange arrows are wind farms and there appear to be around a dozen of them.
  2. The blue arrow is Coalburn Grid Substation.
  3. Running through the area is the M74 between Glasgow and Carlisle.
  4. There are some remains of opencast coal-mines in the area, which have been restored and turned into wind farms.
  5. I have found the capacity of fourteen of the existing wind farms and it totals 946 MW, which is an average capacity for each wind farm of 67 MW.
  6. During my search for capacity, I found a couple of wind farms that were being upgraded with larger turbines.
  7. The SP Energy Networks page gives a date of Q3 2025 for connection of the Coalburn battery to the sub-station.

With the 500 MW/1000 MWh Coalburn 1 battery, I wouldn’t be surprised that this massive onshore wind farm complex has been designed to provide a guaranteed 1000 MW to the grid.

 

December 9, 2023 Posted by | Energy, Energy Storage | , , , , , , | 1 Comment

Offshore Wind Supply Chain Could Boost UK Economy By GBP 92 Billion Before 2040

The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on offshoreWIND.biz.

This is the sub-heading.

Growing the UK’s supply chain for offshore wind represents a GBP 92 billion (approximately EUR 106 billion) opportunity to boost the UK’s economy by 2040, according to a report by the Offshore Wind Industry Council (OWIC) and the Offshore Wind Growth Partnership (OWGP).

These are the first two paragraphs.

The report, titled “Supply Chain Capability Analysis”, outlines key measures that industry and government can take to strengthen the UK’s offshore wind supply chain, according to OWIC.

The UK has the world’s second-largest installed offshore wind capacity, with a government target to more than triple this capacity by 2030 to 50 GW, including 5 GW of floating offshore wind.

It should be remembered that George Soros is only worth around $6.7 billion according to his Wikipedia entry, although he has donated $32 billion to charity.

October 9, 2023 Posted by | Energy | , | Leave a comment

On Track For A Low Carbon Energy Future – Centrica Signs Corporate Power Deal With Deutsche Bahn

The title of this post, is the same as that of this press release from Centrica.

These two paragraphs outline the deal.

Centrica Energy Trading has signed a two-year corporate power purchase agreement (PPA) with Deutsche Bahn, Germany’s national railway company.

Starting January 2024, Centrica will offtake power from three onshore wind farms with an installed capacity of 60.7 MW. The sites, developed by Prokon AG in Germany, have a total of 45 turbines and will provide approximately 70GWh of renewable electricity annually to Deutsche Bahn.

Sounds like good business to me! You buy electricity from three German onshore wind farms and flog it to a large German company and probably get an appropriate commission in Euros.

September 1, 2023 Posted by | Energy | , , , | 1 Comment

The Lonely Wind Turbine – 17th August 2023

I took these pictures to the North of Newark on the way to Leeds.

You don’t often see an onshore single wind turbine as large as this one.

August 17, 2023 Posted by | Energy | , | 2 Comments

Crown Estate Supports Four Nature-Positive Offshore Wind Research Projects

The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on offshoreWIND.biz.

This is the sub-heading.

The Crown Estate has revealed that it is partnering with a range of UK-wide expert bodies to launch four research projects to support nature recovery and the coexistence of offshore wind farms with marine life.

The four projects are described in these paragraphs.

The first of four projects is called Prevalence of Seabird Species and Collision Events in OWF (PrediCtOr), led by the Carbon Trust under the Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP).

It aims to develop a coordinated approach for reducing uncertainty surrounding bird collision risk and influencing factors, and therefore reducing consenting risk, at offshore wind farms.

The second project is Procellariiform Behaviour & Demographics (ProcBe), led by JNCC, which seeks to fill evidence gaps around how seabird species, such as storm petrels and Manx shearwater might interact with offshore wind farms and improve the demographic rate and population modelling approaches.

Reducing Seabird Collisions Using Evidence (ReSCUE) project, led by Natural England, is a three-and-a-half project that could improve the industry’s knowledge of seabird flight heights and collision risk with offshore wind turbines in UK waters.

And the last project, named Strategic Compensations Pilots for Offshore Wind, is led by OWIC.

Research like this will surely increase the acceptance of offshore wind power amongst conservationists.

August 5, 2023 Posted by | Energy | , , , , | Leave a comment

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