Could Class 66 Locomotives Be Converted Into Battery-Electric Locomotives?
This picture shows a Freightliner Class 66 locomotive passing through Stratford with a multimodal freight train.
These are a few thoughts on converting some of the four hundred and eighty Class 66 locomotives into battery-electric locomotives.
An Estimate Of Performance Of A Battery Electric Class 66 Locomotive
In Iron Ore Miner Orders Heavy-Haul Battery Locomotive, I said this about a UK-sized locomotive based on Wabtec’s FLXdrive battery-electric technology.
I could envisage Wabtec designing a UK-sized battery-electric locomotive with these characteristics.
- 2.5 MW power output, which is similar to a Class 66 locomotive.
- A battery size of perhaps 1.8 MWh based on Wabtec’s FLXdrive technology.
- A pantograph to charge the batteries and also power the locomotive where electrification exists.
- 75 mph operating speed.
- Ability to work in tandem with a Class 66 locomotive.
All technology is under Wabtec’s control.
This locomotive could have a range of at least fifty miles on battery power, doing the sort of duties that Class 66 locomotives do!
So it would be able to take a multimodal container train out of the Port of Felixstowe to the electrification at Ipswich.
The Class 66 Locomotive Is Diesel-Electric
The Class 66 locomotive is a diesel-electric locomotive, where the diesel engine drives an alternator, which generates electricity, which then powers the six traction motors, which are arranged, so that there is one on each of the six axles.
This should make conversion easier, as the heavy lump of the engine and the alternator would be replaced with a large number of lithium-ion batteries.
Wabtec Has A Modular Battery System
This article on Railway Age gives a lot of detail and several pictures of the modular FLXdrive battery system.
- Each module is a 4.9 kWh battery, that weighs 72.6 Kg.
- Batteries are arranged into strings, which feed the traction motors.
- There is a sophisticated control system, which ensures that a module failure doesn’t disable the locomotive.
- The battery system is air-cooled.
I would expect that Wabtec could arrange a number of modules in the stripped out body of a Class 66 locomotive.
The FLXdrive Battery System Handles Regenerative Barking
The Railway Age article says this.
Battery charging while the FLXdrive is operating occurs through regenerative dynamic braking.
This will certainly improve efficiency.
Could A Pantograph Be Fitted To A Class 66 Locomotive?
This picture of a Class 66 locomotive was taken at Peterborough.
Note the 25 KVAC overhead electrification and the gap between the wires and the roof of the locomotive.
I don’t think it would the toughest job to design a pantograph for a Class 66 locomotive.
What Would Be The Use Of A Battery Electric Class 66 Locomotive With A Fifty Mile Range?
I believe that a surprising number of duties currently handled by Class 66 locomotives could be performed by a battery-electric Class 66 locomotive.
- The locomotives would effectively be electric locomotives with a last fifty mile capability.
- The number of possible duties will increase as electrification increases.
- They would be ideal to support track maintenance activities.
- They would be a zero-carbon locomotive with a low noise footprint.
As I said earlier, they should be able to haul a heavy intermodal train out of the Port of Felixstowe.
Would A Battery-Electric And A Diesel-Electric Class 66 Locomotive Working As A Pair Be Able to Handle The Heaviest Trains?
As the Americans and Canadians have shown with more than one locomotive, where one is a battery-electric locomotive can reduce the carbon-emissions, the same rules must apply in the UK.
Conclusion
I am not a lover of the smelly, noisy and polluting diesel Class 66 locomotives, but it does look it could be possible to convert some into battery-electric locomotives.
I wouldn’t be surprised to see Wabtec convert some Class 66 locomotives into battery-electric locomotives.
I also believe, that conversion of Class 66 locomotives to battery-electric operation could be the most affordable way to help decarbonise rail freight.
Iron Ore Miner Orders Heavy-Haul Battery Locomotive
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on Railway Gazette.
This is the first two paragraphs.
Mining company Roy Hill has ordered a Wabtec FLXdrive battery-electric heavy-haul freight locomotive. This will replace one the four ES44ACi diesel-electric locos used to haul its 2 700 m long iron ore trains, and is expected to reduce fuel costs and emissions by ‘double digit’ percentages while also cutting maintenance costs.
The locomotive is scheduled to be delivered in 2023. It will have a capacity of 7 MWh, an upgrade from the 2·4 MWh prototype which Wabtec and BNSF tested in revenue service in California earlier this year.
Note.
- It will have a 7 MWh battery.
- 2700 metres is 1.6 miles.
It looks to me, that the three diesel locomotives and one battery locomotive are arranged as a massive hybrid locomotive and I suspect that with sophisticated control systems, those double digit cuts in fuel costs and emissions would be possible.
A couple of years ago, I took this picture near Shenfield.
This double-headed train has a Class 90 electric locomotive and a Class 66 diesel locomotive at the front of a long freight train.
- The Class 90 locomotive has an TDM system for multiple working.
- The Class 66 locomotive has an AAR system for multiple working.
So does this mean that the two locomotives can’t work together, which if it does begs the question of what is happening.
- Had the Class 66 locomotive failed and Class 90 was acting as a Thunderbird?
- Was the Class 66 locomotive being moved from one depot to another for maintenance or repair?
- Was it an experiment to see if the two locomotives could work together?
I sometimes think that I didn’t see this unusual formation, but then the camera doesn’t lie.
But could we learn from what Wabtec are doing for Roy Hill in Australia?
The Class 93 Locomotive
Rail Operations Group have already ordered thirty Class 93 tri-mode locomotives from Stadler, which have following power ratings.
- Electric – 4000 kW
- Diesel – 900 kW
- Hybrid – 1300 kW
If this locomotive is capable of hauling the heaviest intermodal freight trains out of Felixstowe, Southampton and other ports and freight terminals, it could contribute to substantial reductions in the diesel fuel used and emissions.
As an example, I will use a freight train between Felixstowe North Terminal and Trafford Park Euro Terminal.
- It is a route of 280 miles.
- I will ignore that it goes along the North London Line through North London and along the Castlefield Corridor through Manchester Piccadilly station.
- There is fifteen miles without electrification at the Felixstowe end.
- There is under three miles without electrification at the Manchester end.
On this service , it could be as much as 94 % of diesel and emissions are saved, if the Class 93 locomotive can haul a heavy freight train out of Felixstowe. A few miles of strategically-placed electrification at the Ipswich end would help, if required.
It must also be born in mind, that the Class 93 locomotive is a 110 mph locomotive on electric power and could probably do the following.
- Run at 100 mph on the busy Great Eastern Main Line.
- Run at faster speeds on the West Coast Main Line.
- Fit in well with the 100 mph passenger trains, that run on both routes.
So not only does it save diesel and carbon emissions, but it will save time and make the freight train easier to timetable on a route with lots of 100 mph passenger trains.
The Class 93 locomotive looks like it could be a game-changer for long-distance intermodal freight, especially, if there were short sections of strategically-placed electrification, added to the electrified network.
Emissions could also be reduced further by using some for of sustainable fuel.
The picture shows a Class 66 locomotive, which is powered by Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil or HVO.
I can see that all diesel-powered trains and locomotives will be powered by sustainable fuels by the end of this decade.
A Wabtec Battery-Electric Locomotive
Wabtec is building a battery-electric locomotive for Roy Hill in Australia.
This article on Railway Age talks about Wabtec’s FLXdrive battery locomotives and describes some features of the locomotive for Roy Hill in Australia.
It mentions pantographs and overhead wires to charge the batteries.
- Wabtec’s prototype battery locomotive has a power output of 3.24 MW and a battery size of 2.4 MWh
- The Roy Hill battery locomotive has a power output of 3.24 MW and a battery size of 7 MWh
I could envisage Wabtec designing a UK-sized battery-electric locomotive with these characteristics.
- 2.5 MW power output, which is similar to a Class 66 locomotive.
- A battery size of perhaps 1.8 MWh based on Wabtec’s FLXdrive technology.
- A pantograph to charge the batteries and also power the locomotive where electrification exists.
- 75 mph operating speed.
- Ability to work in tandem with a Class 66 locomotive.
All technology is under Wabtec’s control.
This locomotive could have a range of at least fifty miles on battery power.
I think this locomotive could handle these routes.
- Peterborough and Doncaster via the Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint Line via Lincoln, with some form of charging at halfway.
- Felixstowe and Nuneaton, with some extra electrification at some point between Peterborough and Leicester.
- Oxford and Birmingham, with possibly some extra electrification in the middle.
One option for charging electrification, would surely be to electrify passing loops.
I think a battery-electric locomtive based on Wabtec’s FLXdrive technology could be a very useful locomotive.
Could Wabtec’s Battery-Electric Locomotive Pair-Up With A Class 66 Locomotive?
Roy Hill will use their locomotive to form a consist of three diesel locomotives and one battery locomotive to obtain double-digit savings of fuel and emissions, when hauling iron-ore trains that are 1.6 miles long on a route of 214 miles.
We don’t have massive iron-ore trains like this, but we do move huge quantities of segregates and stone around the country in trains generally hauled by Class 66 locomotives.
So could a Class 66 or another suitable locomotive be paired-up with a battery-electric locomotive to make savings of fuel and emissions?
I would suggest that if it works in Australia, the technology will probably work in the UK.
The biggest problem for Wabtec is that the heavy end of the market may well be a good one for hydrogen-powered locomotives. But Wabtec are going down that route too!
Conclusion
I am convinced that the two decarbonisation routes I have outlined here are viable for the UK.
But I also feel that locomotive manufacturers will produce hydrogen-powered locomotives.
Other companies like Alstom, Siemens and Talgo will also offer innovative solutions.
Getlink Launches A New Innovative Unaccompanied Rail Freight Cross-Channel Service
The title of this post, is the same as that of this press release from Getlink.
This is the first two paragraphs.
From September 18, 2021, a new cross-Channel freight service will be open to all transporters, using an unaccompanied mode through the Channel Tunnel. The service will benefit of Getlink’s unique customs expertise for the passage through the border
The crossing will be managed by Eurotunnel Le Shuttle Freight and will operate 24 hours a day and six days per week. Departures will be from the Group’s two terminals in Calais or Folkestone. The capacity will be 8,300 trailers per year. The Eurotunnel Border Pass will allows transporters to speed up the border crossing by digitising their administrative exchanges with the border authorities.
The service is designed to compliment the decarbonisation plans of both the French and UK Governments.
It looks like this could be a sensible idea.
But 8,300 trailers per year only equates to around 26-27 trailers per day. So do they just fill up one train per day?
One article on the Getlink service says that DFDS have launched a rival service for unaccompanied trailers between Calais and Sheerness.
Russian Convoys
This article on Railway Gazette is entitled Five-Train Platoons To Operate With Virtual Coupling.
This is the first paragraph.
Russian Railways is planning to use platooning technology to operate flights of up to five freight trains next year using radio data exchange between locomotives to create a virtual coupling. The aims to reduce headways from 12 to 6 to 8 min, increasing capacity on congested sections of the Trans-Siberian main line.
As a Control Engineer, I must believe that if the Russians get the programming right, then it should work.
Similar techniques will probably be used with digital signalling in the UK and Europe, where each train is controlled by the signalling. But each train will probably have a driver.
The problem in Russia could also be the large number of ungated level crossings, which according to some I’ve met are prone to a lot of accidents, as drivers regularly chance it after too much vodka.
No Trains Out Of Cornwall Until The Weekend After Lorry Hits Plymouth Bridge
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on The Times.
A few points from the article.
- It was a Tesco truck.
- It took twenty-four hours to extract.
- The accident happened on Ashford Hill in Plymouth.
I found the bridge on Google Maps.
Note.
- The railway and the bridge are at the top of the map.
- My eyesight isn’t good, but I can see the warning signs on the bridge.
- There is a TescoExpress in the bottom right corner of the map.
It can’t be a lot more than a hundred metres between the bridge and the TescoExpress.
To make matters worse for the train operators, the accident site is to the East of Plymouth station, which means trains can’t run to Plymouth.
Will GWR Use Okehampton?
Network Rail have already re-laid the track to Okehampton, prior to opening an hourly service between Exeter and Okehampton later this year.
Okehampton station is close to the A30 and I suspect that GWR would have little difficulty running a five-car Hitachi train to Okehampton from London with a reverse at Exeter. At Okehampton, they could use coaches to serve Cornwall by running to Bodmin Parkway.
If I was the CEO of GWR, I’d see if it could be arranged, as what good publicity they’d get for the new Okehampton service.
Could British Land’s Plans For Finsbury Square Car Park Include A Rail Link To The Northern City Line?
This map from cartometro.com shows the railway lines in the area of Liverpool Street, Moorgate and Old Street stations.
Note.
- The four tracks in black are the Northern and Northern City Lines.
- It is planned to install digital signalling on the Northern City Line to increase capacity.
Finsbury Square is to the East of these lines.
The Northern Line is about fifteen metres deeper and underneath the Northern City Line.
This picture shows the escalator between the two lines at Moorgate station.
I wouldn’t be surprised to find that the Northern City Lines are deep enough to be below the Finsbury Square Car Park.
So would it be possible to run a four-car electric multiple unit into the Finsbury Square Car Park, so that there is no need to shuttle parcels and light freight to Liverpool Street station.
The digital signalling on the Northern City Line will probably allow a few extra trains to travel to a siding in or under the Finsbury Square Car Park, so it wouldn’t effect services into Moorgate.
Finsbury Square Car Park Becomes British Land Hub For Delivery Drivers
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on The Times.
It is a surprising headline or is it a logical development given some of the projects in the rail freight business.
In A Freight Shuttle For Liverpool Street Station Planned. I talked about Rail Operations Group and their plans to run a freight shuttle between London Gateway and Liverpool Street station.
- Trains will be Class 769 bi-mode trains.
- The trains will be fitted with roller doors, roller cages and strengthened floors.
- Three services will leave Thames Gateway at 0029, 1208 and 1856.
- They will return from Liverpool Street at 0242, 1421 and 2100.
- Services will use Platforms 9 and 10 in Liverpool Street station.
- Goods would be delivered to the customer by e-bikes or electric vans.
This a very detailed plan.
But would it be better, if it had a logistics hub close to or even in the station?
These pictures show the Old Cab Road at Liverpool Street station.
This would probably be the only area in the station, that can be used. But it is not very large. Although it does have an access road at the back of the station.
This Google Map shows the area between Finsbury Square and Liverpool Street station.
Note.
- Finsbury Square is in the North West corner of the map.
- Liverpool Street station is in the South East corner of the map.
- There is an entrance to the Old Cab Road Liverpool Street station on Primrose Street.
- Amazon UK’s corporate office is in the North East corner of the msp.
Could roller cages be rolled into electric vans and taken to Finsbury Square for sorting and onward distribution?
- The car park has a height limit of 1.98 metres.
- It has 258 parking spaces.
- Could it be expanded downwards?
- How many e-bikes would it hold?
It think that this could be the reason for the purchase.
But I would be very surprised if a siding was dug that connected to the nearby Northern City Line that runs into Moorgate station.
Northern Rail Apologises Over Disruption On Durham Coast Line
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on the Northern Echo.
These is the first two paragraphs.
Easington MP Grahame Morris has invited Northern Rail executives and the Rail Minister to travel on the Durham Coast Line following “another weekend of rail chaos”.
As the football season kicked off and Seaham Food Festival attracted thousands of people, travellers were left angry and disappointed as they were unable to board overcrowded rail services at Horden and Seaham train stations.
The article then goes on to say that this has been an ongoing problem for several years.
I would have thought that to maximise revenue on any transport service, it is best to provide enough stagecoaches, charabancs, buses, trams or trains.
Could this business naivety be why the original Northern went bust?
What Should The Government Do?
As Northern is now run by the Government’s Operator Of Last Resort, it is up to the Government.
In Boris Johnson Backs Station Opening Which Could See Metro Link To County Durham, I report on an exchange between Boris Johnson and an MP in Prime Minister’s Questions.
These are my two main improvements.
Reopen Ferryhill Station And The Leamside and Stillington Lines To Create A New Route
Boris Johnson talked about reopening Ferryhill station, which could be key to opening up a second route between Teesside and Newcastle and Sunderland.
- Ferryhill station would be on the East Coast Main Line and electrified to handle battery-electric trains.
- Ferryhill terminal would be an ideal Southern terminal for a reopened Leamside Line, which most stakeholders seem in favour of, as it would take the pressure off the East Coast Main Line to the South of Newcastle and connect large areas to the rail network and in particular, the Tyne and Wear Metro.
- Ferryhill station would be at the Northern end of the freight-only Stillington Line, which runs South-Eastwards from the East Coast Main Line at Ferryhill to Stockton and Hartlepool or Middlesbrough.
- A combination of the Leamside and Stillington Lines would open up a second route between the two conurbations.
It might also be possible to run a semi-fast York and Newcastle service via Northallerton, Yarm, Thornaby, Stockton, Ferryhill and the Leamside Line.
- This service would only run on the East Coast Main Line, where there were four tracks to the South of Northallerton.
- It could be run by a battery-electric train.
- A battery-electric train could be charged at York, Ferryhill and Newcastle.
This article on the Northern Echo is entitled ‘Rapid’ Progress On Reopening Leamside Line, Connecting County Durham And Washington.
Things don’t seem to be standing still.
There would appear to be lots of scope for rail development between the Tyne and Wear in the North and the Tees in the South.
If the go-ahead is given by Government to develop the Leamside and Stillington Lines, the great thing is that construction of the new route will not affect anything on the important East Coast Main Line, as Network Rail would just be creating a railway by-pass around one of busiest sections of main line, that will be used by local and freight trains.
Two routes through the area, would certainly double the capacity, if both had an hourly train.
Battery-Electric Trains
I mentioned battery-electric trains as the rolling stock for a possible semi-fast service between York and Newcastle.
We are accumulating a large pile of surplus Class 350, 387 and 379 trains.
- They are being replaced by modern units.
- They were built within the last twenty years.
- They are all high-quality four car trains.
- They can all be modified for a 110 mph operating speed, so could venture on the East Coast Main Line if needed.
These trains have been mentioned several times as possibilities for conversion to battery-electric trains.
With a few strategically-placed charging systems, these would be ideal trains for services in the area.
Conclusion
It would be a great improvement for train services in the North-East.
My first step would be to convert the Hexham and Nunthorpe service via Newcastle, Sunderland, Seaham, Horden and Middlesbrough to battery-electric operation, by adding charging at Hexham and Nunthorpe stations.
Some are keen on hydrogen trains for this route, but these will have a longer gestation period.
I would also suspect that travellers in the North-East would prefer jam today, rather than possibly inferior jam sometime in the future.
Battery-electric trains based on the train classes I named would also be ideal for the Northumberland Line and the Salburn and Bishop Auckland service.
Innovation Funding Awarded
The title of this post, is the same as that of a short article in the August 2021 Edition of Modern Railways.
This is the first paragraph.
Developments in passenger information, cutting carbon emissions and electrification are amongst the 30 winners of the latest round of the Department for Transport/Innovate UK’s First Of A Kind (FOaK) competition.
I particularly liked the first innovation mentioned.
Furrer+Frey is proposing a movable overhead conductor rail system for freight terminals which allows electric locomotives to enter them while providing obstruction-free loading and unloading of freight. It says this will remove the current barrier of end-to-end rail freight electrification and end the reliance on diesel traction.
Some years ago, I sat next to a crane driver from the Port of Felixstowe at a football match. At half-time we talked for a few minutes about the problems of overhead wires in ports and freight terminals. As he said “Accidents do happen!”
Furrer+Frey’s idea might be just what is needed to help decarbonise ports and freight terminals.
There is a good description of the project in this article on Rail Business UK, which is entitled Movable Overhead Electrification Aims To Eliminate The Need For Diesel Shunting Locomotives.
This link shows a picture of a similar Furrer + Frey system in a workshop or train shed.
It appears to be based on proven technology and will be tested at a Tarmac depot in Dunbar.
Furrer+Frey also got a second funding award.
It has also won funding for its innovative composite Mast for Greener Electrification, which could reduce the mass of overhead line electrification masts, as well as the size of foundations, depth of piling and lifting capability of installation machinery.
That sounds like a classic application of Buckminster Fuller’s More With Less Syndrome.
I shall add other awards later.
Is King’s Cross Station Ready For Parcel Trains?
In Is This The Shape Of Freight To Come?, I wrote about the converting of redundant electrical multiple units into 100 mph freight and parcel trains.
A couple of days ago, I was walking through Kings Cross station and took these pictures.
Note.
- The wide platforms.
- The gates in the ticket barriers to allow vehicles through.
- The passenger entrances line up with the gates in the ticket barriers.
It does look like everything is setup to efficiently get cargo between the trains and the road network outside.
A collateral benefit, is that access to the trains for passengers is step-free.
