JCB Finds Cheap Way To Run Digger Using Hydrogen
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on The Times.
This is the first two paragraphs.
An operational hydrogen combustion engine developed in Derbyshire could speed up the shift towards zero-emissions transport.
JCB, the construction equipment manufacturer, said that the engine would be capable of powering heavy machinery and vehicles without producing any carbon dioxide.
As they have just modified one of their own production diesel engines to run on hydrogen, this sounds like a major breakthrough of the largest kind!
The caption on the picture says this.
JCB says that the technology could be applied in trucks, vans, trains, buses and even large cars.
What about small cars?
Or perhaps, that market will be left to Aquarius Engines, which I wrote about in New Hydrogen Engine Design Unveiled To Overcome Reliance On Fuel Cells.
You wait months for a major breakthrough in hydrogen propulsion to come along and then two ideas come along in one day.
The article gets better as you read it fully, which I suggest you do.
- It appears, that development only started last July.
- The engines are based on their current JCB diesel engines.
- Emissions include water, no CO2 and practically zero levels of NOx.
The article says this about costs.
It is thought that the hydrogen engines will cost about £10,000 each; costs will be kept down by using the same production lines and many of the same components as diesel engines. By comparison a prototype hydrogen fuel cell system, which is being adapted for a 20-tonne excavator as part of another JCB trial, will cost about £100,000. Batteries needed to power such a machine would probably cost in the region of £160,000, the company said.
When you consider that family member; Joe Bamford owns Wrightbus, I would expect that you’ll see a development of these engines coming to a bus route near you!
Conclusion
I have made money backing developments based on the properties of fluid flow at the small end of gaseous flow.
There are some weird effects there, which are not taught in A-level physics.
Have JCB found how to apply them to create the ultimate zero-carbon power unit?
I’m certainly not ruling it out!
New Hydrogen Engine Design Unveiled To Overcome Reliance On Fuel Cells
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on Hydrogen Fuel News.
The article describes an innovative hydrogen-powered engine developed by an Israeli company called Aquarius Engines.
This is the sub-heading, that gives a little bit more information.
Aquarius Engines has developed a small 10kg emission-free unit operating entirely on H2.
It appears to be based on the company’s patented single-piston-linear-engine.
This page on the Aquarius web site describes the combustion technology in a short video.
Wikipedia also has an entry on the free-piston engine.
The power output of the Aquarius engine is not given.
Conclusion
I have a hunch, that Aquarius Engines might be on to something!
Light weight is so important in many applications.
Gravitricity Adds Hydrogen To Energy Storage Mix
The title of this post, is the same as that of this press release on the Gravitricity web site.
These are the first two paragraphs of the press release.
Energy storage specialists Gravitricity have revealed plans to add hydrogen and heat storage to their underground gravity energy system.
The Edinburgh innovators have submitted a global patent to turn purpose-built shafts into pressurised energy stores, capable of safely accumulating significant quantities of the gas.
These are my observations.
- I believe the original concept of storing energy will work, which is why I have invested.
- Other companies are proposing to store hydrogen under pressure below ground.
- Heat is being extracted from the London Underground and used for heating buildings.
- Using one hole for three purposes must be more cost-efficient.
These processes might be easier with a regular clean purpose-built shaft!
Romania Wants To Buy Hydrogen-Powered Trains
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on Romania Insider.
This is the first paragraph.
Romania’s minister of transport announced that the National Relaunch and Resilience Plan (PNRR) includes the purchase of some 10-12 hydrogen-powered trains for the Bucharest-Pitesti route.
Note that Bucharest and Pitesti are about 120 kilometres apart.
Conclusion
It looks like an ideal route for hydrogen trains.
- New hydrogen trains can probably take over from the current diesel trains with only a few modifications to the tracks and signalling.
- A hydrogen refuelling station would need to be provided.
- The route is not overly long.
- The train manufacturer could be delivering a standard fully-financed package of trains, hydrogen refuelling system and training.
As it is effectively, a replacement of one self-powered train with another, from the time order to in service could be a fairly short time of a couple of years or so.
Hydrogen Aircraft Market To Reach $174 Billion By 2040
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on Hydrogen Fuel News.
That is a very large sum of money!
The article gives the current status and outlines the plans of the major players.
Do BP And The Germans Have A Cunning Plan For European Energy Domination?
The headline of this post may be slightly tongue in cheek, but I believe that a plan is being hatched.
Preamble
I’ll start with a preamble, where I’ll outline some of the factors behind what may be happening.
Decarbonisation
It is generally accepted by most people that there is a need to decarbonise everything we do.
And large oil companies like Shell, BP and others are starting to move in the same direction.
Hydrogen
Using hydrogen instead of fossil fuels is becoming one of the major routes to decarbonisation.
Hydrogen can be used for the following.
- Provide power for cars, buses, trucks, trains, locomotives and ships.
- Hydrogen can be used in steelmaking instead of coking coal.
- As a chemical feedstock to make ammonia, fertiliser and a large range of petrochemicals.
- I believe that hydrogen could be a viable fuel to power aircraft over thousands of miles.
Hydrogen will become the most common zero-carbon fuel.
Hydrogen And Natural Gas
In many applications hydrogen can replace natural gas, so for large users of natural gas, hydrogen offers a route to decarbonisation.
But hydrogen can also be mixed up to a level of around twenty percent in natural gas for partial decarbonisation of applications like space heating. Most industrial uses, boilers and appliances can be made to work very successfully with this mixture.
I grew up in the 1950s with coal gas, which according to Wikipedia had this composition.
- hydrogen 50%
- methane 35%
- carbon monoxide 10%
- ethylene 5%
- When we changed over in the 1970s, all my appliances were converted.
This is the UK government description of natural gas.
It contains primarily methane, along with small amounts of ethane, butane, pentane, and propane. Natural gas does not contain carbon monoxide. The by-products of burning natural gas are primarily carbon dioxide and water vapour. Natural gas is colourless, tasteless and odourless.
As with the conversion from coal-gas to natural gas, conversion from Natural gas to a hydrogen/natural gas mixture and eventually to hydrogen, will be a relatively painless process.
Note that carbon monoxide is a nasty poison and is not contained in either natural gas or hydrogen.
Green Hydrogen And Electrolysis Of Water
Green hydrogen is hydrogen produced exclusively from renewable energy sources.
Typically green hydrogen is produced by electrolysis of water using electricity produced by hydro, solar, tidal or wind.
The largest factory building electrolysers is owned by ITM Power.
- It is located in Rotherham.
- The factory has the capacity to build 1 GW of electrolysers in a year.
- Typical electrolysers have a capacity of several MW.
Ryze Hydrogen are building an electrolyser at Herne Bay, that will consume 23 MW of solar and wind power and produce ten tonnes of hydrogen per day.
Blue Hydrogen
‘Blue hydrogen is produced through a production process where carbon dioxide is also produced then subsequently captured via carbon capture and storage. In many cases the carbon dioxide is stored in depleted gas fields, of which we have plenty in the North Sea. Over the last few years, research has been ongoing into using the carbon dioxide. Applications in horticulture and agriculture, carbon structures and sustainable aviation fuel are being developed.
Shell have also developed the Shell Blue Hydrogen Process, where the carbon is extracted from methane as carbon dioxide and then stored or used.
CO2 In Greenhouse Horticulture
This paper from The Netherlands is called CO2 In Greenhouse Horticulture.
Read it and you might believe me, when I say, we’ll eat a lot of carbon in the form of tomatoes, salads and soft fruit. We’ll also buy flowers grown in a carbon-dioxide rich atmosphere.
Hydrogen As An Energy Transfer Medium
Every kilogram of natural gas when it burns releases energy, as it does in your boiler or gas hob. So it transfers energy in the form of gas from the gas well or storage tank to your house.
Electricity can also be transferred from the power station to your house using wires instead of pipes.
Hydrogen is being put forward as a means of transferring energy over hundreds of miles.
- Electricity is converted to hydrogen, probably using an electrolyser, which would be powered by zero-carbon electricity.
- The hydrogen is transferred using a steel pipe.
- At the destination, the hydrogen is either distributed to end-users, stored or used in a gas-fired power station, that has been modified to run on hydrogen, to generate electricity.
It sounds inefficient, but it has advantages.
- Long underwater cables have energy losses.
- Electrical connections use a lot of expensive copper.
- Re-use of existing gas pipes is possible.
- Oil and gas companies like BP and their contractors have been laying gas pipes on land and under water for decades.
If hydrogen has a problem as an energy transfer medium, it is that it us difficult to liquify, as this statement from Air Liquide illustrates.
Hydrogen turns into a liquid when it is cooled to a temperature below -252,87 °C. At -252.87°C and 1.013 bar, liquid hydrogen has a density of close to 71 kg/m3. At this pressure, 5 kg of hydrogen can be stored in a 75-liter tank.
To transport, larger quantities of hydrogen by ship, it is probably better to convert the hydrogen into ammonia, which is much easier to handle.
The Germans and others are experimenting with using liquid ammonia to power large ships.
Hydrogen As An Energy Storage Medium
The UK has a comprehensive National Transmission System for natural gas with large amounts of different types of storage.
This section of the Wikipedia entry is entitled Natural Gas Storage and lists ten large storage facilities in salt caverns and depleted onshore gas fields. In addition, several depleted offshore gas fields have been proposed for the storage of natural gas. Rough was used successfully for some years.
I can certainly see a network of hydrogen storage sites being developed both onshore and offshore around the UK.
Iceland
With its large amount of hydro-electric and geothermal energy, Iceland can generate much more electricity, than it needs and has been looking to export it.
The UK is probably the only country close enough to be connected to Iceland to buy some of the country’s surplus electricity.
There has been a proposal called Icelink, that would build an electrical interconnector with a capacity of around a GW between Iceland at the UK.
But the project seems to have stalled since I first heard about it on my trip to Iceland in 2014.
Could the engineering problems just be too difficult?
The Waters Around The Northern Parts Of Great Britain
Look at a map of the UK and particularly Great Britain and there is a massive area of water, which is not short of wind.
Between Norway, Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, the East Coast of England, the Northern Coasts of Scotland and Iceland, there are only a few islands.
- Faroes
- Orkney
- Shetlands
To be complete we probably must include hundreds of oil and gas rigs and platforms and the Dogger Bank.
- Oil and gas companies probably know most there is to know about these waters.
- Gas pipelines connect the production platforms to terminals at Sullom Voe and along the East Coast from St. Fergus near Aberdeen to Bacton in Norfolk.
- Many of the oil and gas fields are coming to the end of their working lives.
I believe that all this infrastructure could be repurposed to support the offshore wind industry.
The Dutch Are Invading The Dogger Bank
The Dogger Bank sits in the middle of the North Sea.
- It is roughly equidistant from Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands and the UK.
- The Western part is in UK territorial waters.
- The Eastern part is mainly in Dutch territorial waters.
On the UK part, the Dogger Bank Wind Farm is being developed.
- The turbines will be between 78 and 180 miles from the shore.
- It could have a capacity of up to 5 GW.
- It would be connected to East Yorkshire or Teesside.
On their side of the Dogger Bank, the Dutch are proposing the North Sea Wind Power Hub.
- It is a collaboration between the Dutch, Germans, and Danes.
- There have been reports, that up to 110 GW of turbines could be installed.
- It will be connected to the Dogger Bank Wind Farm, as well as The Netherlands.
It is also planned that the connections to the Dogger Bank will create another interconnector between the UK and the Continent.
The Shetland Islands
The Shetland Islands are the only natural islands with a large oil and gas infrastructure in the waters to the North of Great Britain.
They have a large gas and oil terminal at Sullom Voe.
- Oil is transported to the terminal by pipelines and tanker.
- Oil is exported by tanker.
- Gas is imported from oil and gas fields to the West of the islands through the West of Shetland Pipeline.
- The gas-fired Sullom Voe power station provide about 80 MW of power to the islands.
This document on the APSE web site is entitled Future Hydrogen Production In Shetland.
It describes how the Shetland Islands can decarbonise and reposition themselves in the energy industry to be a major producer of hydrogen.
It gives these two facts about carbon emissions in the Shetlands Islands and Scotland.
- Annual per capita CO2 emissions in the Shetland Islands are 17 tonnes.
- In Scotland they are just 5.3 tonnes.
By comparison, the UK average is 5.55 and Qatar is 37.29.
Currently, the annual local market for road, marine and domestic fuel calculated
at around £50 million.
These are the objectives of the Shetland’s plan for future hydrogen production.
- Supply 32TWh of low carbon hydrogen annually, 12% of the expected UK total requirement, by 2050
- Provide more than 3GW of wind generated electrical power to Shetland, the UK grid, generating green hydrogen and electrification of the offshore oil and gas sector
- Enable all West of Shetland hydrocarbon assets to be net zero by 2030 and abate 8Mt/year CO2 by 2050
- Generate £5bn in annual revenue by 2050 and contribute significantly to the UK Exchequer.
They also envisage removing the topsides of platforms, during decommissioning of mature East of Shetland
oil fields and repurposing them for hydrogen production using offshore wind.
That is certainly a powerful set of ambitions.
This diagram from the report shows the flow of electricity and hydrogen around the islands, terminals and platforms.
Note these points about what the Shetlanders call the Orion Project.
- Offshore installations are electrified.
- There are wind turbines on the islands
- Hydrogen is provided for local energy uses like transport and shipping.
- Oxygen is provided for the fish farms and a future space centre.
- There is tidal power between the islands.
- There are armadas of floating wind turbines to the East of the islands.
- Repurposed oil platforms are used to generate hydrogen.
- Hydrogen can be exported by pipeline to St. Fergus near Aberdeen, which is a distance of about 200 miles.
- Hydrogen can be exported by pipeline to Rotterdam, which is a distance of about 600 miles.
- Hydrogen can be exported by tanker to Rotterdam and other parts of Europe.
It looks a very comprehensive plan!
The German Problem
Germany has an energy problem.
- It is a large energy user.
- It has the largest production of steel in Europe.
- It prematurely shut some nuclear power stations.
- About a quarter of electricity in Germany comes from coal. In the UK it’s just 1.2 %.
- It is very reliant on Russian natural gas.
- The country also has a strong Green Party.
- Germany needs a lot more energy to replace coal and the remaining nuclear.
- It also needs a lot of hydrogen to decarbonise the steel and other industries.
Over the last few months, I’ve written these articles.
- Sale To Linde Of World’s Largest PEM Electrolyser
- Uniper To Make Wilhelmshaven German Hub For Green Hydrogen; Green Ammonia Import Terminal
- WindH2 Hydrogen Project Commissioned In Germany
- Morocco Could Produce Up To 4% Of World’s Green Hydrogen By 2030
- Get H2 Partners Propose Green Hydrogen Pipeline In Europe
- Alstom Hydrogen Trains Complete Trials
Germany seems to have these main objectives.
- Increase their supply of energy.
- Ensure a plentiful supply of hydrogen.
They appear to be going about them with a degree of enthusiasm.
BP’s Ambition To Be Net Zero By 2050
This press release from BP is entitled BP Sets Ambition For Net Zero By 2050, Fundamentally Changing Organisation To Deliver.
This is the introductory paragraph.
BP today set a new ambition to become a net zero company by 2050 or sooner, and to help the world get to net zero. The ambition is supported by ten aims
The ten aims are divided into two groups.
Five Aims To Get BP To Net Zero
These are.
- Net zero across BP’s operations on an absolute basis by 2050 or sooner.
- Net zero on carbon in BP’s oil and gas production on an absolute basis by 2050 or sooner.
- 50% cut in the carbon intensity of products BP sells by 2050 or sooner.
- Install methane measurement at all BP’s major oil and gas processing sites by 2023 and reduce methane intensity of operations by 50%.
- Increase the proportion of investment into non-oil and gas businesses over time.
I would assume that by gas, they mean natural gas.
Five Aims To Help The World Get To Net Zero
These are.
- More active advocacy for policies that support net zero, including carbon pricing.
- Further incentivise BP’s workforce to deliver aims and mobilise them to advocate for net zero.
- Set new expectations for relationships with trade associations.
- Aim to be recognised as a leader for transparency of reporting, including supporting the recommendations of the TCFD.
- Launch a new team to help countries, cities and large companies decarbonise.
This all does sound like a very sensible policy.
BP’s Partnership With EnBW
BP seemed to have formed a partnership with EnBW to develop offshore wind farms in the UK
Their first investment is described in this press release from BP, which is entitled BP Advances Offshore Wind Growth Strategy; Enters World-Class UK Sector With 3GW Of Advantaged Leases In Irish Sea.
This is the first five paragraphs.
bp and partner EnBW selected as preferred bidder for two highly-advantaged 60-year leases in UK’s first offshore wind leasing round in a decade.
Advantaged leases due to distance from shore, lower grid cost, synergies from scale, and faster cycle time.
Projects expected to meet bp’s 8-10% returns aim, delivering attractive and stable returns and integrating with trading, mobility, and other opportunities.
Annual payments expected for four years before final investment decisions and assets planned to be operational in seven years.
In the past six months bp has entered offshore wind in the UK – the world’s largest market – and the US – the world’s fastest-growing market.
Note.
- EnBW are Energie Baden-Wuerttemberg AG, who, according to Wikipedia, are the third largest utilities company in Germany.
- It also appears, that EnBW have developed wind farms.
BP have issued this infographic with the press release.
Note.
- The lease areas don’t appear to be far from the Morecambe Bay gas field.
- The Morecambe Bay gas field is coming to the end of its life.
- The Morecambe Bay gas field is connected to the Rampside gas terminal at Barrow-in-Furness.
- At peak production 15 % of the UK’s natural gas came from Morecambe Bay.
I just wonder, if there is a cunning plan.
Could the platforms be repurposed to act as electrical hubs for the wind turbines?
- 3GW of electricity would produce 55 tonnes of hydrogen per day.
- The hydrogen would be exported to the Rampside gas terminal using the existing pipelines.
- There may be savings to be made, as HVDC links are expensive.
- BP either has the engineering to convert the platforms or they know someone who does.
- Would the industrial complex at Barrow-in-Furnace and the nearby Sellafield complex have a use for all that hydrogen?
- Or would the hydrogen be used to fuel Lancashire’s buses and trucks on the M6.
It certainly looks to me, that it could be a possibility, to bring the energy ashore as hydrogen.
BP Seeking Second Wind Off Scotland
The title of this section, is the same as that of this article in The Times.
These are the first two paragraphs.
BP is preparing to bid for the rights to build wind farms off Scotland as it signals no let-up in expansion after a £900 million splurge on leases in the Irish Sea.
The London-based oil giant caused waves in February by offering record prices to enter the UK offshore wind market through a Crown Estate auction of seabed leases off England and Wales.
As I said earlier.
- The Shetland Islands are developing themselves as a giant hydrogen factory.
- There are pipelines connecting platforms to the Sullom Voe Terminal.
- There are plans to convert some of the redundant platforms into hydrogen production platforms.
- The islands will be developing ways to export the hydrogen to the South and Europe.
BP also operates the Schiehallion oil and gas field to the West of the Shetlands, which is connected to the Sullom Voe Terminal by the West of Shetland pipeline.
Could BP and EnBW be coming to the party?
They certainly won’t be arriving empty-handed.
Does BP Have Access To Storage Technology?
I ask this question because both the Morecambe Bay and Shetland leases could be built with co-located depleted gas fields and offshore electrolysers.
So could hydrogen gas be stored in the gas fields?
I think it could be a possibility and would mean that hydrogen would always be available.
Could Iceland Be Connected To Schiehallion Via A Gas Pipeline?
I estimate that Iceland and Schiehallion would be about six hundred miles.
This wouldn’t be the longest undersea gas pipeline in the world as these two are longer.
- Langeled – 725 miles
- Nord Stream – 759 miles
The Langeled pipeline cost £1.7 billion.
Conclusion
I think there’s more to the link-up between BP and EnBW.
I am fairly certain, that BP are thinking about converting some redundant gas platforms into hubs for wind turbines, which use the electricity to create hydrogen, which is then exported to the shore using existing gas pipelines and onshore terminals.
Could it be said, that BP will be recycling oil and gas platforms?
I feel that the answer is yes! Or at least maybe!
The answer my friend is blowing in the wind!
Australia’s First Net-Zero Hybrid Power Station Gets The Green Light
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on the Australian Broadcasting Company.
This is the first paragraph.
Australia’s first power plant — capable of running on both hydrogen and natural gas — will be built in NSW, following an agreement between the private sector and both state and federal governments.
The article also makes these key points.
- The gas power plant could begin using green hydrogen as early as 2025.
- EnergyAustralia plans to buy 200,000kg of green hydrogen a year — equivalent to five per cent of the plant’s fuel use.
- The Illawarra project is expected to deliver a $300-million boost to the economy and support about 250 jobs during construction.
But it doesn’t say, where the green hydrogen is coming from.
Is it going to be produced by solar power in Australia’s hot interior or is it going to be imported by ship at the hydrogen hub at Port Kembla?
Wizz Air Plans Cheaper Fares As Capacity Grows
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on The Times.
This is the introductory paragraph.
One of Europe’s leading budget airlines is forecasting a sharp drop in the price of fares as it expects to increase the number of flights this summer to as much as 80 per cent of normal capacity.
That sounds fair to me, as it’s just supply and demand.
I’ve only ever flown Wizz Air once and that was from Liverpool to Gdansk, where I had a memorable couple of days, before taking the train home to London.
I would certainly rate them better than Ryanair.
The article intrigued me.
It said that Wizz Air had made a large loss but had raised a sum to more than cover it on the bond market.
So I looked up their fleet on Wikipedia.
- A 320-200 – 66
- A 320 neo – 6
- A 321-200 – 41
- A 321 neo – 23 – Deliveries until 2026
- A 321 XLR – 20 – Deliveries from 2023 to 2026
In 2026, Wizz Air will end up with forty-nine neo aircraft and how many of the 107 older ones, they want to keep.
Under Environmental Protection on the Wikipedia entry for Wizz Air, this is said.
One year later, in November 2020, among the European airlines, Wizz Air was able to show the lowest CO2 emissions per passenger / kilometre and underlined their commitment to further reducing their environmental footprint. As part of their strategy, all fuel-saving flight phases of take-off and landing are continuously monitored for maximum environmental optimization, which has a significant impact on further continuous reductions in CO2 emissions.
I would assume, that this means, they take carbon emissions seriously.
When I saw these fleet sizes and put them together with Wizz Air, I wondered if Airbus have offered the airline a route to decarbonisation by converting the neo aircraft to hydrogen. I believe this is possible and said so in Could An A320 neo Be Rebuilt As A ZEROe Turbofan?
These fleet sizes don’t rule it out and if there was a way to remanufacture later A 320s to hydrogen aircraft, it would be a good way to continue to sell aircraft.
Volunteers Launch Conversion Of First Hydrogen Shunter
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on Railnews.
This story is a good example of how universities, companies, heritage railways and volunteers can work together to deliver useful projects.
Some of the Beeching Reversal and other projects seem to be following a similar model and if it works well, this can only be a good thing to improve the railway.
H2 And NH3 – The Perfect Marriage In A Carbon-Free Society
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on The Chemical Engineer.
It is an article, which explains in detail, how we can use hydrogen and ammonia in the future.
The Anonymous Widower 