Could London’s New Routemaster Buses Be Converted To Hydrogen Power?
There are a thousand New Routemaster buses on the roads of London.
This paragraph from Wikipedia describes the transmission.
The bus is a hybrid diesel-electric driven by a battery-powered electric motor, charged by a diesel fuelled generator and recovering energy during braking by regenerative braking.
Note.
- The Cummins diesel engine is under the back stairs and is mounted high up. You can sometimes hear it start and stop if you sit or stand at the back of the bus.
- The diesel engine is part of the Cummins B Series Engine family, which is used very widely, included in vehicles like the Dodge Ram pick-up.
- The battery is mounted under the front stairs.
Cummins are embracing hydrogen in a big way and bought hydrogen company; Hydrogenics in 2019.
This press release from Cummins is entitled Cummins Begins Testing Of Hydrogen Fueled Internal Combustion Engine.
This is the first paragraph.
Cummins has taken another step forward in advancing zero carbon technology as the company began testing a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine. The proof-of-concept test is building on Cummins’ existing technology leadership in gaseous-fuel applications and powertrain leadership to create new power solutions that help customers meet the energy and environmental needs of the future.
Only today in Deutz Hydrogen Engine Ready For Market, I reported on how Deutz were going down a similar route.
I have done consultancy work for Cummins in Darlington, where I suspect the New Routemaster engines were built and the company prides itself in being able to provide a specially-laid out diesel engine for a niche-market application.
If they develop a hydrogen replacement for the B Series engine, I suspect that they will adopt the same sales philosophy.
For a start, it would enable all their many existing customers to convert their products from diesel to hydrogen power.
A hydrogen engine would be a direct way to enable conversion of a New Routemaster to hydrogen.
- The new hydrogen engine and generator would just replace the current diesel engine and generator.
- The chassis, body, battery and traction motor could be retained.
- I am also sure, that Wrightbus have the expertise to squeeze a hydrogen tank in somewhere.
.I believe that in a few years Cummins will be able to replace the diesel engine with a hydrogen engine of equivalent size and power.
After Ricardo announced their fuel cell approach to convert modern diesel buses to hydrogen, which I wrote about in Ricardo To Engineer Zero Emission Buses For UK’s First Hydrogen Transport Hub, I am sure we’re going to see thousands of modern buses converted to hydrogen power.
Conclusion
I believe from my knowledge of Cummins and the way they work, that they will come up with a hydrogen-based solution, that will replace the Cummins diesel in these buses with a zero-carbon engine.
If Cummins don’t then someone else will.
Whoever solves the problem of converting London’s new Routemasters to hydrogen will have one of the best adverts for their product, there has ever been.
After converting London’s thousand Routemasters, the engineers could move on to anything powered by a Cummins engine.
Ricardo To Engineer Zero Emission Buses For UK’s First Hydrogen Transport Hub
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article from Ricardo.
This is the first paragraph.
As part of its mission to support the decarbonisation of the global transport and energy sectors Ricardo, a world-class environmental, engineering and strategic consulting company, has announced that it has received Government funding to create a retrofit hydrogen fuel cell bus demonstrator for the UK’s first hydrogen transport hub in the north-east of England.
The market for refitting buses with hydrogen power is large, as this sentence from the press release shows.
There are 38,000 buses in service in the UK: 98% are diesel powered; and 50% are less than eight years old.
And that’s just the UK!
The last paragraph sums up Ricardo’s ambitions.
Ricardo will develop a scalable, modular solution, enabling it to be installed, with minimal adaption, to multiple single and double decker platforms. The modular concept may also be saleable as a ‘new fuel cell’ module to coach builders across the European Union enabling them to develop new fuel cell
buses by taking a rolling chassis and applying their coach build body alongside the fuel cell module solution.
Never underestimate Ricardo!
Deutz Hydrogen Engine Ready For Market
The title of this post, is the same as this article on H2 View.
These are the first two paragraphs
A brand-new hydrogen engine has been developed in Cologne, Germany to help accelerate the rollout of low and zero emission drive systems.
Developed by Deutz, the TCG 7.8 H2 engine has already passed initial tests on the test bench and is scheduled to go into full production in 2024.
This could be a very significant development.
Initially from the article, they seem to be concentrating on stationary applications, but it could be an easy route for large vehicle manufacturers to decarbonise their products.
Where Are All The Battery-Electric Trains?
Consider these dates and notes
February 10th, 2015
, I wrote Is The Battery Electric Multiple Unit (BEMU) A Big Innovation In Train Design?, after an excellent first ride in Bombadier’s experimental battery-electric multiple unit or BEMU based on a Class 379 train.
October 10th, 2018
I wrote Battery Class 230 Train Demonstration At Bo’ness And Kinneil Railway, after a ride on Vivarail’s Class 230 train in Scotland.
October 15th, 2018
This article on Railway Gazette, which was entitled BatteryFLEX Desiro EMU Conversion Proposed, announced Porterbrook’s plan to convert their Class 350/2 trains to battery-electric operation.
September 30th, 2019
I wrote Battery Electrostars And The Uckfield Branch.
I indicated that according to Modern Railways, battery Electrostars were on their way to replace Class 171 trains, that need to be cascaded to East Midlands Railway by September 2021.
February 28th, 2020
I wrote Northern’s Battery Plans.
This described a plan by Northern Trains and CAF to convert three-car Class 331 trains into four-car battery electric trains, by adding a battery car.
July 6th, 2020
I wrote Hyperdrive Innovation And Hitachi Rail To Develop Battery Tech For Trains, which announced Hitachi’s Regional Battery Train, which is shown in this Hitachi infographic.
Hitachi are now testing Class 803 trains, which have batteries, but only for hotel purposes and not traction.
Although, I do suspect that the batteries in Class 803 trains will be very similar to those in other Hitachi trains.
It’s just not good engineering to do the same job twice and all Hitachi trains are members of the same A-train family.
August 12, 2020
In Converting Class 456 Trains Into Two-Car Battery Electric Trains, I mused on some remarks made by Mark Hopwood, who then was the interim Managing Director of South Western Railway.
December 15th, 2020
Hitachi released a press release which was entitled Hitachi And Eversholt Rail To Develop GWR Intercity Battery Hybrid Train – Offering Fuel Savings Of More Than 20%.
This is the Hitachi Intercity Tri-Mode Battery Train, which is described in this Hitachi infographic.
Details given in the press release include.
- A five-car train will be used as the prototype.
- The objective is fuel savings of 20 %.
- Battery power will be used in stations.
I have read elsewhere that testing will start in 2022, with trains entering service a year later.
In addition, I have written many posts on this blog about the possible deployment of battery-electric trains.
There are certainly a lot of ideas and aspirations for the development and use of battery trains, but except for the Class 803 trains, which only use batteries for emergency hotel power and are now under test, no battery-electric trains have been seen on the UK rail network.
I have a few thoughts.
Existing Trains That Could Be Converted To Battery-Electric Trains
The following trains would appear to be candidates for conversion to battery-electric operation for passenger operations.
- Class 350 trains – 87 trains of four cars – 110 mph – Will be replaced by Class 730 trains.
- Class 360 trains – 21 trains of four cars – 110 mph – In service with East Midlands Railway between St. Pancras and Corby, but with batteries could extend the route to Oakham and Melton Mowbray.
- Class 379 trains – 30 trains of four cars – 100 mph – Have been replaced by Class 745 trains and now filling in for late delivery of new Class 720 trains.
- Class 385 trains – 24 trains of four cars – 100 mph – In service with Scotrail and could be upgraded to Regional Battery Trains.
- Class 385 trains – 46 trains of three cars – 100 mph – In service with Scotrail and could be upgraded to Regional Battery Trains.
- Class 387 trains – 107 trains of four cars – 110 mph – Some are being replaced with new trains and it appears that some may be available for conversion. There must also be question marks over Heathrow and Gatwick Express services.
Note.
- All trains have an operating speed of 100 or 110 mph.
- I suspect most of the 100 mph trains could be upgraded to 110 mph trains.
- There is a total of nearly three hundred four-car trains.
In addition, there are other trains like Class 377 trains, Class 444 trains, Class 450 trains and Class 707 trains. that could be converted to battery-electric operation should it be necessary or the trains were withdrawn from service due to being replaced with new trains.
We could have access to over five hundred battery-electric trains, if all were to be converted.
Does that mean that until fleets start to wear out, we will not need to buy any new electric multiple units for the standard gauge UK rail network?
A Comparison Between A Hitachi Regional Battery Train And An Existing Electric Multiple Unit With Added Batteries
If you compare an Hitachi Regional Battery train based on a four-car Class 385 train with a four-car Class 350 train you get the following with Hitachi figures first.
- Cars – 4 – 4
- Operating Speed – 100 mph – 110 mph
- Seats – 273 – 270
- Length – 92 metres – 82 metres
- Dual-voltage – Probably possible – Yes
The two trains could share a route and few passengers would complain or even notice the difference.
Will Battery-Electric Trains Have Collateral Benefits?
All these trains, that are available to conversion to battery-electric trains are modern 100 mph four-car units that meet all the regulations.
They will offer a better standard of service than say a Class 156 diesel train, but most importantly, their size will mean that most services in the UK would be run by a four-car train, which would help to ease overcrowding in a lot of places.
Where Are The Battery Electric Trains?
Could it be that someone has added up the number of trains we already have and has decided that with decarbonisation to the fore, that by using a mix of battery-electric trains and discontinuous electrification, we can create a unified electric train network in England, Scotland and Wales, without ordering large fleets of new trains.
The specification for the UK’s standard battery-electric local train may need to emerge first, but I suspect that train manufacturers and upgraders like Wabtec, want to make sure they create a battery-electric train to these standards.
- Very reliable.
- A range as long as feasibly possible.
- Long-lasting
So with this technology change from pure-electric, bi-mode and diesel trains to pure-electric and battery-electric, is everybody making sure, that it ends up as a success, rather than a disaster?
Over the last few years, there have been a lot of late train deliveries for various reasons and releasing battery-electric trains too early might not be prudent.
Mott’s £6m Plan Approved For Hammersmith Bridge
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on Construction Index.
This is the introductory paragraph.
Hammersmith & Fulham Council has approved a new plan to stabilise Hammersmith Bridge at significantly below the original expected cost, with works completing in less than a year.
Consulting engineer, Mott MacDonald have developed a solution to the bridge that is simple in the extreme.
This sentence describes the principle at the heart of the solution.
The Mott MacDonald solution involves the use of elastomeric bearings, which allow any pressure to be applied equally to all four corners while protecting the vulnerable 134-year-old cast iron structure.
There would also appear, that some very serious computing has been applied to allow the new bearings to be inserted, by just jacking up the bridge.
In addition to the cost and the speed of installation, the Mott MacDonald plan has been welcomed by Heritage England, will require less closures and doesn’t involve diversion of the gas main.
Conclusion
This intervention will stabilise the bridge and give time for a long-term solution to be developed, that will allow the bridge to be opened to vehicles.
UK’s Rude Place Names To Be Toured By Man On Moped
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on the BBC.
This paragraph gives a flavour of the route.
His journey will begin in Shitterton, Dorset, on Wednesday and will take in locations such as Twatt in Orkney and Booze in the Yorkshire Dales.
Mary Whitehouse would not have been amused, but I suspect many will find some of the names raise more than a titter.
This is the JustGiving page of the guy doing what he calls the Moronic Moped Marathon. The money raised will go towards Cancer Research.
Northern Rail Apologises Over Disruption On Durham Coast Line
The title of this post, is the same as that of this article on the Northern Echo.
These is the first two paragraphs.
Easington MP Grahame Morris has invited Northern Rail executives and the Rail Minister to travel on the Durham Coast Line following “another weekend of rail chaos”.
As the football season kicked off and Seaham Food Festival attracted thousands of people, travellers were left angry and disappointed as they were unable to board overcrowded rail services at Horden and Seaham train stations.
The article then goes on to say that this has been an ongoing problem for several years.
I would have thought that to maximise revenue on any transport service, it is best to provide enough stagecoaches, charabancs, buses, trams or trains.
Could this business naivety be why the original Northern went bust?
What Should The Government Do?
As Northern is now run by the Government’s Operator Of Last Resort, it is up to the Government.
In Boris Johnson Backs Station Opening Which Could See Metro Link To County Durham, I report on an exchange between Boris Johnson and an MP in Prime Minister’s Questions.
These are my two main improvements.
Reopen Ferryhill Station And The Leamside and Stillington Lines To Create A New Route
Boris Johnson talked about reopening Ferryhill station, which could be key to opening up a second route between Teesside and Newcastle and Sunderland.
- Ferryhill station would be on the East Coast Main Line and electrified to handle battery-electric trains.
- Ferryhill terminal would be an ideal Southern terminal for a reopened Leamside Line, which most stakeholders seem in favour of, as it would take the pressure off the East Coast Main Line to the South of Newcastle and connect large areas to the rail network and in particular, the Tyne and Wear Metro.
- Ferryhill station would be at the Northern end of the freight-only Stillington Line, which runs South-Eastwards from the East Coast Main Line at Ferryhill to Stockton and Hartlepool or Middlesbrough.
- A combination of the Leamside and Stillington Lines would open up a second route between the two conurbations.
It might also be possible to run a semi-fast York and Newcastle service via Northallerton, Yarm, Thornaby, Stockton, Ferryhill and the Leamside Line.
- This service would only run on the East Coast Main Line, where there were four tracks to the South of Northallerton.
- It could be run by a battery-electric train.
- A battery-electric train could be charged at York, Ferryhill and Newcastle.
This article on the Northern Echo is entitled ‘Rapid’ Progress On Reopening Leamside Line, Connecting County Durham And Washington.
Things don’t seem to be standing still.
There would appear to be lots of scope for rail development between the Tyne and Wear in the North and the Tees in the South.
If the go-ahead is given by Government to develop the Leamside and Stillington Lines, the great thing is that construction of the new route will not affect anything on the important East Coast Main Line, as Network Rail would just be creating a railway by-pass around one of busiest sections of main line, that will be used by local and freight trains.
Two routes through the area, would certainly double the capacity, if both had an hourly train.
Battery-Electric Trains
I mentioned battery-electric trains as the rolling stock for a possible semi-fast service between York and Newcastle.
We are accumulating a large pile of surplus Class 350, 387 and 379 trains.
- They are being replaced by modern units.
- They were built within the last twenty years.
- They are all high-quality four car trains.
- They can all be modified for a 110 mph operating speed, so could venture on the East Coast Main Line if needed.
These trains have been mentioned several times as possibilities for conversion to battery-electric trains.
With a few strategically-placed charging systems, these would be ideal trains for services in the area.
Conclusion
It would be a great improvement for train services in the North-East.
My first step would be to convert the Hexham and Nunthorpe service via Newcastle, Sunderland, Seaham, Horden and Middlesbrough to battery-electric operation, by adding charging at Hexham and Nunthorpe stations.
Some are keen on hydrogen trains for this route, but these will have a longer gestation period.
I would also suspect that travellers in the North-East would prefer jam today, rather than possibly inferior jam sometime in the future.
Battery-electric trains based on the train classes I named would also be ideal for the Northumberland Line and the Salburn and Bishop Auckland service.
Is The TP Group Worth A Punt?
I have been following the Class 799 train for some time. It is a hydrogen train prototype being sponsored by the owner of the train; Porterbrook.
The difficult task of fitting all of the hydrogen and electrical electrical gubbins under the floor of the train has been accomplished by the combined efforts of Birmingham University and TP Group.
But TP Group according to this article on The Times, which is entitled Directors In Line Of Fire As TP Group Takeover Bid Turns Sour, seems to have turned a bit difficult for the company.
I wrote about the Class 799 train in A Class 319 Train, But Not As We Know It! and I predict that it could be one of the stars of COP26 in Glasgow later in the year.
This picture sums up why!
The prototype may have designed for publicity, but I can see pictures of Joe, Boris, Angela et all going for a ride in this zero-carbon train, that started out as a British Rail commuter train on Thameslink.
I shall be watching the TP Group share price with interest.
Should Improvement Needed For High Speed Two On The East And West Coast Main Lines Be Given High Priority?
High Speed Two will bring major improvements in times between London and the North of England and Scotland, with these figures claimed by this page on the High Speed Two web site.
- London Euston and Carlisle – 2 hours and 23 minutes saving 54 minutes
- London Euston and Darlington – 1 hours and 50 minutes saving 32 minutes
- London Euston and Durham – 2 hours and 16 minutes saving 37 minutes
- London Euston and Edinburgh – 3 hours and 48 minutes saving 31 minutes
- London Euston and Glasgow – 3 hours and 40 minutes saving 49 minutes
- London Euston and Lockerbie – 2 hours and 55 minutes saving 43 minutes
- London Euston and Newcastle – 2 hours and 17 minutes saving 32 minutes
Substantial savings would seem to be possible.
The Recent Record Run On The West Coast Main Line
A few weeks ago, Avanti West Coast ran a Class 390 train between London Euston and Glasgow in three hours and 53 minutes and 1 second. They were trying to beat the record set by the \APT-P in 1984 of three hours and 52 minutes and 40 seconds.
In Lessons From The Record Run in the August 2021 Edition of Modern Railways, Roger Ford makes a big hint in a section called Hint.
Roger starts with this paragraph.
In the virtual race with APT-P, the Pendolino was seven minutes ahead approaching the border, but this was not sufficient to overcome APT-P’s advantage of being able to run faster over lines which, unlike the southern end of the WCML, have not enjoyed the increased speeds further south, such as at Stafford and Crewe.
He then talks of a levelling-up of the infrastructure being needed on the Northern section of the West Coast Main Line.
Roger finishes the section with this paragraph.
Thus, the final message of the run is that if HS2 is to realise its full potential, planning for the West Coast Route Modernisation (North) needs to start now, both for journey time reductions and reliability.
The High Speed Two time between Preston and Glasgow of two hours and 26 minutes, given by their journey time calculator is in line with current timings.
I am drawn to the following conclusions about services between Preston and Glasgow.
- I suspect the similar times could be expected, as the trains will have to cope with other trains on the route.
- Most of High Speed Two’s savings must be on the new track to the South of Wigan.
It would appear that any savings made between Preston and Scotland will benefit both classic and high speed services.
I certainly agree with Roger’s hint to start planning the upgrade of the Northern section of the West Coast Main Line.
This would surely enable upgrade of the route to start sooner and places at the North of the route would benefit from faster journey times to the South before High Speed Two is complete.
Reducing The Journey Times On The West Coast Main Line
If you look at the average speed between Preston and Glasgow of a typical train, it is just 84.3 mph.
Various average speeds give the following times between Preston and Glasgow.
- 90 mph – two hours and 8 minutes
- 100 mph – one hour and 55 minutes
- 110 mph – one hour and 45 minutes
It would appear there is scope for reductions in journey times to be made.
I have flown my virtual helicopter along the Scottish part of the route and it doesn’t look to be too terrifying.
- There are tight speed limits at Preston and Carlisle
- The railway is not hemmed in by development until close to Glasgow.
- Most of the modern bridges, where the M74 crosses the railway appear to have space for an extra track.
- Connection of the Borders Railway to the West Coast Main Line could give scope for improvement between Gretna junction and Carlisle.
- The depot at Annandale, that I wrote about in High Speed Two To Build Stabling Facility In Scotland, may give scope for a shorter, straighter and faster route between Grena Green and Kirkpatrick-Fleming, that could run closer to the M74.
- North of Lockerbie, there may be scope to put extra tracks between the railway and the M74.
- The Carstairs area could be ripe for improvement.
I would feel that digital signalling and some well-applied engineering could cut a sensible amount of time from Preston and Glasgow timings.
- I can certainly say, that the route is not a desert, where possible improvements will be difficult to find.
- I also don’t feel there are any obvious improvements, that will be controversial.
There is also the M74, which could be invaluable for camouflaging the railway.
Reducing The Journey Times On The East Coast Main Line
Much of the work to speed up the Northern section of the East Coast Main Line is laid out in Northern Powerhouse Rail – Significant Upgrades Of The East Coast Main Line From Leeds To Newcastle (Via York And Darlington) And Restoration Of The Leamside Line, a post I wrote to explain what Northern Powerhouse Rail feel is urgently needed.
Mentioned in the other post are following projects.
- Full Digital Signalling
- Phase 2 Of The East Coast Main Line Power Supply Upgrade
- York to Church Fenton Improvement Scheme
- Darlington Station Remodelling
- The North Throat Of York Station Including Skelton Bridge Junction
- Use Of The Leamside Line
As with the West Coast Main Line, the improvements would benefit both classic and High Speed services.
Conclusion
Improvements to both the East and West Coast Main Lines will help both classic and High Speed services between London and the North of England and Scotland.
I think that planning and design should be started as soon as possible.
Construction should start as early as possible, so that the benefits of faster trains are felt at the earliest date possible.
Thor Point
In his Informed Sources column in the August 2021 Edition of Modern Railways, Roger Ford has a section with the same sub-title as this post.
He discusses what is to happen to the Class 22x fleets of 125 mph diesel trains and then says this about Project Thor, which was an idea of a few years back.
I still believe the addition of a pantograph transformer car to convert a ‘22x’ to a bi-mode has even more potential than the first time round. Routes operated by the CrossCountry ‘22x’ should be early candidates for electrification, and bi-modes are a simple way of boosting the benefits of electrification.
Project Thor is described in a section in the Wikipedia entry for the Voyager train, which is entitled Proposed Conversion To Electrical Operation. This is said.
In 2010 Bombardier proposed the conversion of several Voyager multiple units into hybrid electric and diesel vehicles capable of taking power from an overhead pantograph (electro-diesels EDMUs). The proposal was named Project Thor.
It appears that, one of the reasons the project foundered was that Bombardier had no capability to make steel carriages in the UK.
In the July 2018 Edition of Modern Railways, there is an article entitled Bi-Mode Aventra Details Revealed.
A lot of the article takes the form of reporting an interview with Des McKeon, who is Bombardier’s Commercial |Director and Global Head of Regional and Intercity.
This is a paragraph.
He also confirmed Bombardier is examining the option of fitting batteries to Voyager DEMUs for use in stations.
Nothing more was said.
In the three years since that brief sentence, technology has moved on.
Perhaps most significantly, Hitachi have launched the Hitachi Intercity Tri-Mode Battery Train, which is described in this Hitachi infographic.
Note that one engine is replaced with batteries.
My engineering experience, leads me to believe that Hitachi’s battery pack supplier; Hyperdrive Innovation, is developing a battery-pack that is plug-compatible with the MTU diesel engine, so that batteries and diesel engines can be swapped as required.
For this to be possible, there needs to be a power bus connecting all carriages of the train.
- This is common practice in the design of electric multiple units.
- I am certain this power bus exists on the Hitachi Class 800 trains as they have pantographs on both driver cars and all the motor cars are between the driver cars. So it is needed to supply power to the train.
- A power-bus could be used in a diesel-electric multiple unit like the Voyager, to ensure that in the case of engine failure in one of the cars, the car would still be supplied with hotel power.
Are the Bombardier Voyagers designed with a similar power bus?
If they are, I wonder, if one of the intermediate cars could be converted as follows.
- Replace the diesel engine and electrical generator with a plug-compatible battery pack of an appropriate size.
- Fit a lightweight pantograph in the roof of the train.
- Squeeze in all the electrical gubbins like a transformer underneath the train.
It would probably be a challenging piece of engineering, but if there is sufficient space under the train it should be possible.
But the outcome would be a genuine 125 mph bi-mode multiple unit.
The Anonymous Widower 